SUMMARIES
Shchedrina
E.V.
The chief editor of «Voprosy psychologii»
describes the history and perspectives of the journal.
B.B.
Kossov
Personal-developing higher education is considered
as one of four strategies of humanization. It is characterized by the influence
of high level generalization. The influence of generalization factor on all
the elements of the triad — practice, science and education — is shown.
General principles of personal-developing higher education and components of
its realization are formulated.
Following F.E. Vasilyuk, the author considers the
starting point for analysis of the structure of symbols to be the
psycho-semiotic model of consciousness image. A projective picture «My family»
symbolics was used as experimental data. The specificity of unconscious display
of every basic notion in image theoretic model — object content, sign, meaning
and personal sense — is discussed. The author places special emphasis on the
sense component: it manifests itself spontaneuosly through object images and
meanings of the picture. In addition, the symbolic image in its endless sense
perspective possesses not only individual but timeless supra-individual sense,
which can be understood as a manifestation of spiritual reality.
Characteristics
of interpersonal relations in specialized boarding schools
M.Yu.
Kondrat'ev
Interpersonal
relations among inmates of boarding schools for gifted adolescents are
analysed. External, institutional psychological closedness results in internal
psychological closedness. Educative-professional activity becomes very
important for the students. Both these factors lead to the formation of
strict intragroup status differentiation and to the development of «castes»
that are defined in opposition to each other. A teacher in such an institution
often interacts with adolescents according to already existing system of
interrelations and so indirectly promotes informal structure of such
associations, contradicting educative purposes of boarding school.
E.V.
Zaika
More than twenty exercises and entertaining plays
are described. They are aimed at forming skills necessary for fluent, correct
and meaningful reading. The exercises are recommended for schoolchildren experiencing
chronic reading difficulties.
Walter
Cannon, Ivan Pavlov and the problem of emotional behavior
W. Cannon's theory of emotions denied James-Lange
hypothesis of body — consciousness dualism. The latter was critisized by L.S.
Vygotsky as well as Scheler-Diltey intentional theory. There was close personal
and scientific bondage between W. Cannon and I. Pavlov. W. Cannon included the
concept of conditioned reflex in Ms theory of emotional behavior. I. Pavlov
included subcortex functions, corresponding to Cannon's «main emotions», into
the scheme of higher nervous activity. W. Cannon and I. Pavlov both considered
the behavior concept to be different from psychology of consciousness and
from neurophysiology.
A. van
Waning
The works of Russian psychoanalyst Sabina
Spielrein (1885—1942) are reviewed. S. Spielrein played a special and intriguing
role in the development of psychoanalytic thinking in the beginning of the
century. After having been intimately involved with Jung in personal and
professional ways, later on in her life she adhered more to the Freudian
psychoanalytic approach. She kept corresponding with both men for many years.
Her own articles, 32 in number, have gotten little attention so far, except for
«Destruction as a cause of coming into being» in which she anticipated the
«death wish» concept. The themes of love, destruction and creativity are woven
into her work and life. The diversity of partners she chose to work with — next
to Jung and Freud also with Piaget — and her linguistic and neuropsychological
interests show her to be a versatile and self-willed pioneer. It is concluded
that so far S. Spielrein has not received the recognition she deserves.
Clinical
psychology: the works of Russian psychiatrists of late XIX century
I.E.
Sirotkina
Before the victory of Vundt's views on the
psychological experiment the latter was considered to be a natural phenomenon —
mental disease or psychological changes due to hypnosis. Clinical psychology
produced the first model of experimentation. The author describes Russian
psychiatrists' contribution in experimental-psychological studies.
The author presents her memories on remarkable
Russian psychologist D.G. EF-kin and his works.
The role of
motivation and stimulation in integral individuality structures formation
V.V. Bclous, T.V.
Kopan'
The roles of achievement motivation and the social
world in the formation of integral individuality structures is shown. When social
characteristics are equal, success achievement motives calls forth different
sides of integral individuality. When success achievement motives are equal
and social characteristics are different (urban environment versus rural one),
identical integral individuality structures are demonstrated.
Temperament
at an early age: Parental estimates and family characteristics
Stable behavior style in day nursery children and
in their parents is examined by means of questionnaires. The multi-dimensional
structure of temperament is demonstrated, maternal and paternal estimates are
compared and social-economical position of a family and its influence on
children's temperament evaluated. It is shown that temperament in young
children can be conditioned by psycho-physiological characteristics such as
inhibition system. Environmental factors play their role in temperament formation
too. Temperament is an important parameter in the formation of life style.
The
method to evaluate individual psychological prerequisites for driver's activity
V.-M.
Heikkila
The author reviews different tests of driver's
competence and discusses its connection to personal traits. The results of a
study in experienced and unexperienced drivers are presented.