158
Fundamental trends of scientific activities in
Psychological Institute during 80 years of its existence are outlined. Crucial points
determining the character of scientific research are used as a basis for
division into periods. Seven stages are marked out (formative,
pre-revolutionary, post-revolutionary, etc.). Each of them is described in
accordance to specificity of prevailing field of psychology (general
psychology, psychophisiology, developmental
psychology) and problems they included (memory, thinking, skills, etc.).
Bibliography presents the most significant publications by Institute
researchers.
Some archive materials concerning scientific discussions in Psychological Institute are presented.
Psychological Institute:
Reminiscences
There are some memoirs of those who worked in Psychological
Institute about Institute and its researchers.
Truth and lie categories in Russian spiritual tradition and in modern psychology of comprehension
V. V. Znakov
Two important components of Russian national
self-consciousness — the attraction to truth and attitude to lie — are
discussed. The likeness and differences of the notions of «truth» and «justice»
and typical peculiarities of its use by Russian writers, philosophers, psychologists are analyzed. The thesis stating Russian
preference for ethical category in communication rather than informative aspect
of «truth» is substantiated. Including the notion of «truth» into moral philosophy
and psychology area, Russians find it possible to manipulate the truth and to
use white lie. This observation is proved by experiments in modem psychology of
comprehension. The phenomena of moral and reflexive lie are shown: most of the
subjects are ready to perjury in order to save innocent person.
Requirements
to learning programmes aimed at schoolchildren's
personal development
Different theoretical approaches to education
construction (philosophical, didactical, psychological)
are analysed. The ways of learning programmes for general school forming are presented. The
author substantiates the necessity to organize learning process accordingly to
personality-oriented concept based upon self-dependence and self-value of
subjective pupil's experience, its selectiveness towards objective contents, stableness in the choice of mastering means. The contents,
functions, structure and sources of subjective experience and its influence on
schoolchildren's personality development are shown.
Elements of
«carnival culture» in preschoolers' development
O. M.
D'yachenko, N. Ye. Veraksa
L. S. Vygotsky's theory is applied
to the study of different cultural forms (myth, fairy-tale, carnival) in child's
mental development. «Carnival culture» is unique because it unites principal
learning structures, presented in specific laughter form, which is
characteristic for developmental crucial points and is similar to the play —
main form of preschoolers' activities.
159
Education
management models and styles of teaching
N. A. Aminov
There is an increase in numbers of teachers conforming
to priority model of education management in accordance to the law of
periodical changes in models of education management. If teacher's attitude to
education as a value is negative, then his/her leading style of teaching
becomes the style of U-type (aiming to the results of learning and not to
pupil's development). Such a teacher is able to pedagogically predict pupil's
success and that enables him/her to achieve high results and to manipulate
pupil's attitude to education: it becomes a means and not a purpose.
The
organizational principles and perspectives of school psychological service in
Russia
N. S. Pryazhnikov,
E. Yu. Pryazhnikova
The
status of school psychological service in
The transtheoretical
model of change: a Guide for behavioral treatment
A. V. Prokhorov,
W. F. Velicer, J. O. Prochaska
The
article reviews research on a most promising contemporary concept of behavioral
change — transtheoretical mode] of change. Multiple
studies, primarily in the field of smoking cessation, provided strong empirical
support for various model constructs. The key elements of the model, such as
stages of change, processes of change, and outcome measures (decisional
balance, self-efficacy and temptation) are reviewed. The comprehensive
multi-dimensional nature of the model, and integration
between its components is emphatized. The model's
implications in terms of improving behavioral treatment and potential areas of
implementation including addictive and nonaddictive
problem behaviors are discussed.
Psychodiagnostics as activities and as scientific
discipline
A. F. Anufriev
General theory of diagnosis is applied to psychodiagnostics.
Its specificity as recognition activities is shown, as well as its difference
from other forms of psychological cognition (measurement, research). Position
in scientific system and structure of psychodinamics
are marked out. Psychodiagnostics is considered to be
a division of practical psychology as well as psychoprognostics,
psychocorrection, psychoprevention.
Psychodiagnostics is formed out of four components:
semiotic, technical, deontological and logical.
Biographical
method and psychological problems of creative personality
G. Yu. Moshkova
The application of
the Biographical Method (BioM) to studies on the
psychology of scientists, as well as on the sociology and history of science is
discussed. Three different traditions in the use of biography for psychological
investigations are considered: as a methodological approach to the study of
life-history; as a type of personality questionnaire; and as a way to obtain
psychological data through biographies and life-histories already published. It
is argued that the principal contradictions between practice and theory in
studies of scientists' personalities may be overcome by employing the BioM as an investigative tool.
The principal stages of
V. V. Davydov
The author describes scientific
and organizational history of