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Principal stages of scientific activities in Psychological Institute

A. A. Nikol' skaya

Fundamental trends of scientific activities in Psychological Institute during 80 years of its existence are outlined. Crucial points determining the character of scientific research are used as a basis for division into periods. Seven stages are marked out (formative, pre-revolutionary, post-revolutionary, etc.). Each of them is described in accordance to specificity of prevailing field of psychology (general psychology, psychophisiology, developmental psychology) and problems they included (memory, thinking, skills, etc.). Bibliography presents the most significant publications by Institute researchers.

 

Out of Psychological Institute Archives

Some archive materials concerning scientific discussions in Psychological Institute are presented.

Psychological Institute: Reminiscences

 

There are some memoirs of those who worked in Psychological Institute about Institute and its researchers.

 

Truth and lie categories in Russian spiritual tradition and in modern psychology of comprehension

V. V. Znakov

 

Two important components of Russian national self-consciousness — the attraction to truth and attitude to lie — are discussed. The likeness and differences of the notions of «truth» and «justice» and typical peculiarities of its use by Russian writers, philosophers, psychologists are analyzed. The thesis stating Russian preference for ethical category in communication rather than informative aspect of «truth» is substantiated. Including the notion of «truth» into moral philosophy and psychology area, Russians find it possible to manipulate the truth and to use white lie. This observation is proved by experiments in modem psychology of comprehension. The phenomena of moral and reflexive lie are shown: most of the subjects are ready to perjury in order to save innocent person.

 

Requirements to learning programmes aimed at schoolchildren's personal development

I. S. Yaklmanskaya

Different theoretical approaches to education construction (philosophical, didactical, psychological) are analysed. The ways of learning programmes for general school forming are presented. The author substantiates the necessity to organize learning process accordingly to personality-oriented concept based upon self-dependence and self-value of subjective pupil's experience, its selectiveness towards objective contents, stableness in the choice of mastering means. The contents, functions, structure and sources of subjective experience and its influence on schoolchildren's personality development are shown.

 

Elements of «carnival culture» in preschoolers' development

O. M. D'yachenko, N. Ye. Veraksa

 

L. S. Vygotsky's theory is applied to the study of different cultural forms (myth, fairy-tale, carnival) in child's mental development. «Carnival culture» is unique because it unites principal learning structures, presented in specific laughter form, which is characteristic for developmental crucial points and is similar to the play — main form of preschoolers' activities.

 

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Education management models and styles of teaching

N. A. Aminov

There is an increase in numbers of teachers conforming to priority model of education management in accordance to the law of periodical changes in models of education management. If teacher's attitude to education as a value is negative, then his/her leading style of teaching becomes the style of U-type (aiming to the results of learning and not to pupil's development). Such a teacher is able to pedagogically predict pupil's success and that enables him/her to achieve high results and to manipulate pupil's attitude to education: it becomes a means and not a purpose.

 

The organizational principles and perspectives of school psychological service in Russia

N. S. Pryazhnikov, E. Yu. Pryazhnikova

The status of school psychological service in Russia and its acceptance as real subsystem of practical psychology is discussed. The basic principles of functioning and development of school psychological service as a whole are marked out. The main point is made of «sense of proportion» in organizational principles realization.

 

The transtheoretical model of change: a Guide for behavioral treatment

A. V. Prokhorov, W. F. Velicer, J. O. Prochaska

The article reviews research on a most promising contemporary concept of behavioral change — transtheoretical mode] of change. Multiple studies, primarily in the field of smoking cessation, provided strong empirical support for various model constructs. The key elements of the model, such as stages of change, processes of change, and outcome measures (decisional balance, self-efficacy and temptation) are reviewed. The comprehensive multi-dimensional nature of the model, and integration between its components is emphatized. The model's implications in terms of improving behavioral treatment and potential areas of implementation including addictive and nonaddictive problem behaviors are discussed.

 

Psychodiagnostics as activities and as scientific discipline

A. F. Anufriev

 

General theory of diagnosis is applied to psychodiagnostics. Its specificity as recognition activities is shown, as well as its difference from other forms of psychological cognition (measurement, research). Position in scientific system and structure of psychodinamics are marked out. Psychodiagnostics is considered to be a division of practical psychology as well as psychoprognostics, psychocorrection, psychoprevention. Psychodiagnostics is formed out of four components: semiotic, technical, deontological and logical.

 

Biographical method and psychological problems of creative personality

G. Yu. Moshkova

 

The application of the Biographical Method (BioM) to studies on the psychology of scientists, as well as on the sociology and history of science is discussed. Three different traditions in the use of biography for psychological investigations are considered: as a methodological approach to the study of life-history; as a type of personality questionnaire; and as a way to obtain psychological data through biographies and life-histories already published. It is argued that the principal contradictions between practice and theory in studies of scientists' personalities may be overcome by employing the BioM as an investigative tool.

 

The principal stages of Russian Academy of Education development

V. V. Davydov

 

The author describes scientific and organizational history of Russian Academy of Education.