156
SUMMARIES
N.A.Rybnikov
Fragments from
Some
archive materials describing the history of Psychological Institute early functioning
are presented.
S. A. Bogdanchikov
Psychologo-pedagoglcal views of G. I. Chelpanov
A.A. Nikol'skaya
Three articles throw light on different psychological, philosophical, psychologo— pedagogical sides of G.I. Chelpanov's scientific activity.
Some
contributions to D. B. El'konin's portret
V. P.
Zinchenko
V. P.
Zinchenko describes some of his personal contacts with well-known Russian
psychologist D. B. El'konin.
Experimental study of specific actions characteristic for transition from one way of world comprehension to another, from one age to another (preschool age — early school age) is presented. These actions are named «transitory». Two situations when transitory actions can be observed are marked out. The first of them is characterized by new experience discovery and old and new ways of action contrasting. The second situation is characterized by maintaining and conservation of new way of thinking.
Transitory forms of sign mediation in 6—year olds'
education
E. A. Bugrimenko
The differentiation of two stages of mediation in interpsychic action (discovery and keeping of meaning stages), analysis of mutual succession of imagesymbolic and sign forms shows the limitations of traditional forming experiment: Practical activity organization corresponding to notion logics is only a part of action transition from adult to a child (during preschool-school change). The previous stage when the notion is made expressive by an adult makes it possible for a child to feel the meaning. This is not so far included in experimental-genetic method and forms its zone of nearest development.
Psychological analysis of age-specific development
crises
K. N. Polivanova
The analysis of age-specific developmental crises is based upon L.S. Vygotsky's general notions in D.B. El'konin's interpretation. Initial premises concerning real and ideal developmental forms are applied to basic psychological structures such as activity at will, generalization of experience, accordance to regulations. Stratification of transition period is presented. Crucial phase is formed by three stages: mythologization of ideal form, conflict and reflection As a result a new structure differential self-evaluation comes into existence.
L. Ya. Gozman
The possibilities of psychological methods' and models' application to
political process are discussed. The author analyses psychological determination
îf political phenomena and
shows the role îf
psychological component in political decisions. Methods applicable to practical
polities by a psychologist are considered and possible spheres and objective limitations of professional
psychological activity outlined.
157
The correspondence of biologiccal and social aspects in
human nature
A. S. Batuev, L. V. Sokolov
The development of skience makes it necessary to integrate different disciplines studying human being. The authors discuss scientific inheritance of well-Iknown Russian scientist A. A. Oukhtomsky and his principal notion — the notion of dominanta& Current situation in education in its connection to biosocial interactions in considered& Some Ways of diagnostics and correction of biosocial anomalies are discussed.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder from the
perspective of existential-humanistic psychology
T. Greenins
An existential-humanistic approach to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder must take into account the loss and rectoration of meaning and human connectedness, and the role of I-Thou encounters in heating. Therapists and others can embody and communicate their own groundedness in life and meaning in the ways they provide drugs, catharsis, deconditioning and support, but it may be useful to recognize that more is going on than is apparent from the immediatly observable caregiving behavior. The psychologists need to confront how much of their own life force they bring to this work and whether it has been existentially tested and nurtured by confronting the many forms of death and moral decay in the modem world, both in war and peace.
A new method of experimental evaluation
of the attitudes towards emotiogenic events
M.A. Kotik
The premises, content and application possibilities of a new method for attitudes towards emotiogenic events evaluation are presented. The basic idea is that by the juxtaposition of quantitative and fuzzy (e. g. «rare», «considerably», etc.) evaluations, which subjects employ in characterizing a given event it is possible to make conclusions about his or her attitude towards this event. Experimental studies with pilots and university students are described which prove the validity and reliability of the proposed method.
The problem of volitional regulation in ontogenesis
Theoretical problems of volitional regulation in ontogenesis are discussed. Volitional regulation is considered to be personal level of regulation at will. This makes it possible to reveal the structure of volitional regulation, agespecific stages of its formation, sensitive periods of its development (preschool, early school, adolescence, senior school).
G. A. Pechorin: An ambivalent personality?
Psychological analysis of Pechorin's (the character of «Hero of our time» novel by M. Yu. Lermontov) personality is presented. The conclusion is that Pechorin did not possess of ambivalence neither as basic personal trait nor as psychological disorder symptom. Contradictory behavior of Pechorin is conscious and results from personality accentuation making him according to K. Homy an «aggressive» type.
Catharsis and anti-catharsis:SociopsychologicaI
approach to art influence
V. E. Semenov
Art influence approach based on catharsis notion (and its sociopsychological interpretation) and on personal compatibility of the artist and the recipient is offered. Catharsis is estimated to be the highest manifestation of art positive influence in emotional, ethical and aesthetical sense, and anti-catharsis (the author's neologism) the extreme manifestation of negative one. The results of empirical studies of catharsis and anti catharsis influence of theatrical and cinema art are presented. The hypothesis of cathartic and anti-cathartic periods in art development based on the observations concerning Russian art is substantiated.
Concerning the notions of attitude and communication
A.A. Bodaliov
The interrelations of the two notions — attitude and communication — are shown. The latter is more general and wide concept and the former depends on it. Some examples are presented.
158
Equivocal meaning of term «suicide» as of a psychological
phenomenon
Some
researchers state that suicide is often a result of psychological situative
personal reaction to extraordinary situation. Analysing scientific publications
containing arguments in favor of this statement the author shows the tendency
to substitute psychological phenomena instead ofpsychiartric ones and so to
misinterpret them.
E. V. Il'enkov's contribution to theoretical psychology
V.V. Davydov
Wellknown philosopher and logician E. V. Il'enkov (19241979) examined in his works some fundamental problems of theoretical psychology (ideal and consciousness, imagination and thinking, personality and individuality). He formulated original understanding of ideal as of human culture aspect, being broad philosophical foundation for L. S. Vygotsky's culturehistorical theory. Both scientists held the extraindividual ideal to be a culture aspect including the activity of social human being and objective ideal cannot be revealed on personal level. Il'enkov developed interesting theory of imagination and its genesis. Using the notions of ideal and imagination he analysed the features of human consciousness. He considered a personality to be creative and active individ, influencing other persons.
Inter-individual defferences in tempo characteristics in
7-8-years old children
The characteristics of comfortable and maximum tempo of speech, simple movements (tapping), more complex movements (requiring visual-motor coordination) in twins and single-bom children were tested. Individual sensoric tempo was measured by preferable metronome rhythm. Test-retest coefficients for tempo characteristics were 0,6—0,8. Maximal tempo of simple automatic movements was found to correlate to genotype. It was possible to assume that individual differences of preferable and maximum tempo of simple movements were due to different factors.
Culture and intelligence: Cross-cultural investigations of implicit theories
of intelligence
P. Ruzgis
An examination of implicit theories of intelligence obtained through
resrarch in a range of cultures indicates considerable variation in the meaning
of intelligence. While the implicit theories research reviewed supports the
current notion of intelligence as adaptation it also suggests the need to
expand the role of social competence in future theory development. This is
particularly evident given the importance of social competence to notions of
intelligence in a number of non-Western cultures. Any universal theory of
intelligence must include both a social competence aspekt and account for the
variation in notions of social competence across cultures.