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188

 

РЕЗЮМЕ НА АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

 

Learning activity: Modern situation and research problems

 

V. V. Davydov

 

The results of international research of schoolchildren's learning activity theory in their connection to traditional educative process and to its practical needs are discussed. Some problems are underlined: logical-psychological content of learning tasks, its correlation to schoolchildren's mental and intellectual development, the peculiarities of junior schoolchildren's and adolescents' learning activity. Special attention is paid to poly-discipline research of learning activity, to the possibility of different activity approaches' integration into learning process.

 

Cognitive-personal characteristics of creative thinking in general giftedness structure

 

L. L. Gurova

 

The correlation of intellect and personality in general giftedness structure is considered. It is hypothesized that giftedness is based upon structural organization of consciousness and not upon social-psychological and individual-typological personal traits. Motivated attitude to knowledge and activity content, regulative and instrumental mechanisms of activity (leading to heuristi-city), adaptive and dynamic characteristics of personality are marked out. The author considers the comprehension and decision making to be integrative cognitive-personal manifestations of giftedness. Necessary components of comprehension (understood as general contact with the world) are as follows: adequateness, depth, completeness and exactness. The adoption of decision depends on intellectual self-discipline. There is a hypothesis that structural hierarchy of giftedness is multi-variant and that individual giftedness structure is a result of inner causes' manifestation through outer conditions.

 

Subject socialization in early childhood

 

Ya. L. Kolominsky, S. S. Harin

 

Objective-subjective socialization criterion can be used for psychological results of communication classification. Objective socialization represents external operational sides of behavior due to the character of subject's activity. Subject socialization means the realization of self as a subject of activity. The analysis of children's communication with the adults shows that the sense of community develops gradually and is realized by 3 years of age. This sense is based upon the child's need in joint activity with the adult. The communication is object-mediated in infancy and it is activity-mediated in early childhood.

 

Experience realization by children brought up in a family and in an orphanage

 

E. O. Smirnova, A. E. Lagutina

 

Some features of realization of one's experience by children brought up in a family and in an orphanage were experimentally studied. Original methods applied disclose different realization of the same episode by these children: an event which is important for family-reared children is indifferent for orphanage inmates. The authors mark out special phenomenon of "experience estrangement": the happening events are not endured as one's own experiences but are perceived as impersonal set of behavior rules.

 

189

 

Psychological peculiarities of Russian language mastering by Ukrainian children in bilinguistic situation

 

L. F. Tkacheva

 

Psychological prerequisites for non-Russian-speaking children's mastering of Russian are: 1. It is necessary to begin learning in the age of 5—6, when the possibilities of phonematic hearing development are the best. 2. The methods of comparison and altering contraposition of orthographic matter differing in Russian and Ukrainian must be used. 3. necessary to take into account the fact of transfer and interferention of knowledge, skills and habits.

 

Students' intellectual inactivity

 

L. V. Orlova

 

The psychological nature of intellectual inactivity is discussed. Experimental research was aimed at the demonstration of its roots, formation of its criteria and possible ways of correction. Different kinds (operative-technical, motivational, special and general) of intellectual inactivity are characterized. Students' groups accordingly to this classification are marked out.

 

Psychological factors of adolescents' fortitude against capitulation reaction

 

M. N. Dymshiz, T. V. Kulichenko, 1. S. Korosteleva

 

44 adolescents (20 male, 24 female) were studied on the fortitude against negative stimulation in experimental frustration situation. There os a correlation of fortitude against capitulation reaction and test results (16RG, TAT in Heckhausen's modification, Rozenzweig). Risk factors of search refusal characteristic for both adults and adolescents and for adolescents only were marked out. Different influence of the same personal characteristics in adults and in adolescents on the fortitude against unavoidable negative stimulation was analysed as well as an action refusal not being capitulation reaction

 

Integrative-intensive foreign language course: psychological aspects of future teachers' personal development

 

I. V. Petrivnyaya

 

Foreign language course combining the possibilities of intensive language mastering and multidimensional personal development of students is worked out and tried. It results in professional set changes, increase of communicative skills level, etc.

 

Frustration, conflict, and defense

 

A shortened version of a chapter from a textbook (Krech D., Crutchfield R., Livson N. Elements of psychology. N. Y., 1974) is presented.

 

The complex of exercises for logic memory development in schoolchildren

 

E. V. Zaika

 

Nine exercises for sense material processing by schoolchildren are presented. They include inter-elemental correlations marking out, associations use, image formation, classification, structural analysis of the text, etc. These processing skills form the basis of logical memory.

 

Sacrament of marriage and family: introduction to cosmology of homebuilding

 

B. V. Nichiporov

 

Continued from N 5.

 

Dynamics of gifted people births connected to Solar cycle phases

 

E. S. Vinogradov

 

The data on the dynamics of gifted people (everyone mentioned in encyclopedia with the exception of titled persons and sportsmen) births are considered in their connection to Solar 11-years cycle phases. There is a correlation between the number of births and other Solar cycles (from 75-years to 425-years ones). The distribution of births of gifted people accordingly to the increase and decrease of Solar activity is presented.

 

190

 

Creative giftedness and learning structures' development

 

G. D. Chistyakova

 

Forestalling development of comprehension depending on creative components of learning process is analysed. The correlation of information processing and creative abilities of gifted students is investigated. The types of comprehension characterizing the development of creative giftedness are marked out. Such manifestations of creativity as sensitivity to lacking information, originality, mental divergention are shown to be ambiguous.

 

Concerning emotions' role in human speech

 

V. I. Shahovsky

 

Pressing problems of emotivism, emotion, thinking and speech correlation are considered. The problem of emotions' role in lingvo-creative human thinking is solved: emotions serve as a motive for specific nominations. The idea of emotion-tinged notions is offered. So the concept of emotions being one of subsystems of consciousness and cognition is confirmed. The author's position is based upon the fact of emotive vocabulary and semantics existence, verbalizing emotions in the language: verbal form becomes material realization of abstract (non-material) substance, forming anthropometric language picture of the world and its semantic interpretation from the emotive point of view.

 

Developmental psychology problems (reading 0. Mandelshtam's poetry)

 

V. P. Zinchenko

 

Continued from N 4 and 5.

 

Operational structures of systematization in adolescents' mastering of mathematics

 

I. D. Pasechnik

 

The action of systematization was empirically studied with the aid of special ascertaining and educational experiment on 5—8-graders mastering mathematics. The author considers systematization to be an operation inverse to classification. Experimental study enables one to mark out the stages of systematization as well as the content and consequence of realizing operations. There are some practical advices for the teachers.

 

Interrelations of subjective characteristics of sleep and personality traits

 

O. V, Krasnoperov, A. L. Panchenko

 

115 medical students aged 18—22 were studied according to Eysenck's personality questionnaire and Spielberger's Situative Anxiety Scale. There are marked differences in subjective characteristics of sleep in their connection to personality traits. Some psychological factors leading to sleep disturbances are discussed.

 

Conversational activity in computer-mediated conferences

 

A. E. Voiskunsky

 

The specificity of conversational computer-mediated communication is analysed. Activity of computer-mediated conferences' participants and electronic mail users was studied. It is shown that computer-mediated conversations are characterized by indications of dialogic, monologic, written and verbal (public) speech, as well as by autocommunications. The author expresses an opinion that computerization process results in a new specific form of speech development.

 

The method of object-subject computer-image study

 

A. M. Hodosh

 

An original method for object-subject computer-image study ("A computer: Who is it?"—20 answers) is presented. It includes the questionning procedure, a system of 9 categories for the answer classification and measurement procedures for general evaluation of subjectness, negativism and typicality of computer-image in examenee's conception. The method was approved on a students' sample and was found to be representative, reliable and valid.

 

191

 

Bowen Family Systems Theory and therapy

 

K. G. Baker

 

The article briefly describes Murray Bowen's theory of the human family. The concepts from his theory are rooted in a systemic way of thinking about human functioning in the context of relationships. The author describes the eight concepts of Bowen Family Systems Theory: 1) Differentiation of Self, 2) the Emotional Triangle, 3) Nuclear Family Emotional Process, 4) Family Projection Process, 5) Multigenerational Transmission Process, 6) Emotional Cut Off, 7) Sibling Position, 8) Emotional Process in Society.

 

Territoriality phenomenon in human psyche

 

А.I. Ryzhikov

 

A person as any living organism needs some territory, and territoriality phenomenon influences human behavior. Marked overpopulation results in negative behavioral reactions mirroring psychological discomfort.