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РЕЗЮМЕ НА АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ
Learning activity: Modern
situation and research problems
V. V. Davydov
The results of international
research of schoolchildren's learning activity theory in their connection to traditional
educative process and to its practical needs are discussed. Some problems are
underlined: logical-psychological content of learning tasks, its correlation to
schoolchildren's mental and intellectual development, the peculiarities of
junior schoolchildren's and adolescents' learning activity. Special attention
is paid to poly-discipline research of learning activity, to the possibility of
different activity approaches' integration into learning process.
Cognitive-personal
characteristics of creative thinking in general giftedness structure
L. L. Gurova
The correlation of intellect and personality in general giftedness structure is considered. It is hypothesized that giftedness is based upon structural organization of consciousness and not upon social-psychological and individual-typological personal traits. Motivated attitude to knowledge and activity content, regulative and instrumental mechanisms of activity (leading to heuristi-city), adaptive and dynamic characteristics of personality are marked out. The author considers the comprehension and decision making to be integrative cognitive-personal manifestations of giftedness. Necessary components of comprehension (understood as general contact with the world) are as follows: adequateness, depth, completeness and exactness. The adoption of decision depends on intellectual self-discipline. There is a hypothesis that structural hierarchy of giftedness is multi-variant and that individual giftedness structure is a result of inner causes' manifestation through outer conditions.
Subject socialization in
early childhood
Ya. L. Kolominsky, S. S.
Harin
Objective-subjective
socialization criterion can be used for psychological results of communication
classification. Objective socialization represents external operational sides
of behavior due to the character of subject's activity. Subject socialization
means the realization of self as a subject of activity. The analysis of
children's communication with the adults shows that the sense of community
develops gradually and is realized by 3 years of age. This sense is based upon
the child's need in joint activity with the adult. The communication is
object-mediated in infancy and it is activity-mediated in early childhood.
Experience realization by children
brought up in a family and in an orphanage
E. O. Smirnova, A. E.
Lagutina
Some features of realization of one's experience by children brought up in a family and in an orphanage were experimentally studied. Original methods applied disclose different realization of the same episode by these children: an event which is important for family-reared children is indifferent for orphanage inmates. The authors mark out special phenomenon of "experience estrangement": the happening events are not endured as one's own experiences but are perceived as impersonal set of behavior rules.
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Psychological peculiarities of Russian language mastering by Ukrainian
children in bilinguistic situation
L. F. Tkacheva
Psychological prerequisites
for non-Russian-speaking children's mastering of Russian are: 1. It is
necessary to begin learning in the age of 5—6, when the possibilities of
phonematic hearing development are the best. 2. The methods of comparison and
altering contraposition of orthographic matter differing in Russian and
Ukrainian must be used. 3. necessary to take into account the fact of transfer
and interferention of knowledge, skills and habits.
Students' intellectual inactivity
L. V. Orlova
The psychological nature of
intellectual inactivity is discussed. Experimental research was aimed at the
demonstration of its roots, formation of its criteria and possible ways of
correction. Different kinds (operative-technical, motivational, special and
general) of intellectual inactivity are characterized. Students' groups
accordingly to this classification are marked out.
Psychological factors of
adolescents' fortitude against capitulation reaction
M. N. Dymshiz, T. V.
Kulichenko, 1. S. Korosteleva
44 adolescents (20 male, 24 female)
were studied on the fortitude against negative stimulation in experimental
frustration situation. There os a correlation of fortitude against capitulation
reaction and test results (16RG, TAT in Heckhausen's modification, Rozenzweig).
Risk factors of search refusal characteristic for both adults and adolescents
and for adolescents only were marked out. Different influence of the same
personal characteristics in adults and in adolescents on the fortitude against
unavoidable negative stimulation was analysed as well as an action refusal not
being capitulation reaction
Integrative-intensive
foreign language course: psychological aspects of future teachers' personal
development
I. V. Petrivnyaya
Foreign language course combining the possibilities of intensive language mastering and multidimensional personal development of students is worked out and tried. It results in professional set changes, increase of communicative skills level, etc.
Frustration, conflict, and defense
A shortened version of a chapter
from a textbook (Krech D., Crutchfield R.,
Livson N. Elements of psychology. N.
Y., 1974) is presented.
The complex of exercises for
logic memory development in schoolchildren
E. V. Zaika
Nine exercises for sense material processing by schoolchildren are presented. They include inter-elemental correlations marking out, associations use, image formation, classification, structural analysis of the text, etc. These processing skills form the basis of logical memory.
Sacrament of marriage and
family: introduction to cosmology of homebuilding
B. V. Nichiporov
Continued
from N 5.
Dynamics of gifted people births connected to Solar cycle phases
E. S. Vinogradov
The data on the dynamics of gifted
people (everyone mentioned in encyclopedia with the exception of titled persons
and sportsmen) births are considered in their connection to Solar 11-years
cycle phases. There is a correlation between the number of births and other
Solar cycles (from 75-years to 425-years ones). The distribution of births of
gifted people accordingly to the increase and decrease of Solar activity is
presented.
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Creative giftedness and learning structures' development
G. D. Chistyakova
Forestalling development of
comprehension depending on creative components of learning process is analysed.
The correlation of information processing and creative abilities of gifted
students is investigated. The types of comprehension characterizing the
development of creative giftedness are marked out. Such manifestations of
creativity as sensitivity to lacking information, originality, mental
divergention are shown to be ambiguous.
Concerning emotions' role in human speech
V. I. Shahovsky
Pressing problems of emotivism, emotion, thinking and speech correlation are considered. The problem of emotions' role in lingvo-creative human thinking is solved: emotions serve as a motive for specific nominations. The idea of emotion-tinged notions is offered. So the concept of emotions being one of subsystems of consciousness and cognition is confirmed. The author's position is based upon the fact of emotive vocabulary and semantics existence, verbalizing emotions in the language: verbal form becomes material realization of abstract (non-material) substance, forming anthropometric language picture of the world and its semantic interpretation from the emotive point of view.
Developmental psychology
problems (reading 0. Mandelshtam's poetry)
V. P. Zinchenko
Continued
from N 4 and 5.
Operational structures of systematization in adolescents' mastering of
mathematics
I. D. Pasechnik
The action of
systematization was empirically studied with the aid of special ascertaining
and educational experiment on 5—8-graders mastering mathematics. The author
considers systematization to be an operation inverse to classification. Experimental
study enables one to mark out the stages of systematization as well as the
content and consequence of realizing operations. There are some practical
advices for the teachers.
Interrelations of subjective
characteristics of sleep and personality traits
O. V, Krasnoperov, A. L.
Panchenko
115 medical students aged
18—22 were studied according to Eysenck's personality questionnaire and
Spielberger's Situative Anxiety Scale. There are marked differences in
subjective characteristics of sleep in their connection to personality traits.
Some psychological factors leading to sleep disturbances are discussed.
Conversational activity in
computer-mediated conferences
A. E. Voiskunsky
The specificity of conversational computer-mediated communication is analysed. Activity of computer-mediated conferences' participants and electronic mail users was studied. It is shown that computer-mediated conversations are characterized by indications of dialogic, monologic, written and verbal (public) speech, as well as by autocommunications. The author expresses an opinion that computerization process results in a new specific form of speech development.
The method of object-subject computer-image study
A. M. Hodosh
An original method for
object-subject computer-image study ("A computer: Who is it?"—20
answers) is presented. It includes the questionning procedure, a system of 9
categories for the answer classification and measurement procedures for general
evaluation of subjectness, negativism and typicality of computer-image in
examenee's conception. The method was approved on a students' sample and was
found to be representative, reliable and valid.
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Bowen Family Systems Theory
and therapy
K. G. Baker
The article briefly
describes Murray Bowen's theory of the human family. The concepts from his
theory are rooted in a systemic way of thinking about human functioning in the
context of relationships. The author describes the eight concepts of Bowen
Family Systems Theory: 1) Differentiation of Self, 2) the Emotional Triangle,
3) Nuclear Family Emotional Process, 4) Family Projection Process, 5)
Multigenerational Transmission Process, 6) Emotional Cut Off, 7) Sibling
Position, 8) Emotional Process in Society.
Territoriality phenomenon in human psyche
А.I. Ryzhikov
A person as any living
organism needs some territory, and territoriality phenomenon influences human
behavior. Marked overpopulation results in negative behavioral reactions
mirroring psychological discomfort.