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Futures studies: A unifying concept for
curriculum for the gifted and talented
D. A. Sisk
There is a growing interest in futures studies. It centers on the rapidity of social and technological change. Preparing students to adapt to and cope with these changes requires that students learn not only information about the future but learn the habit of anticipating change as well. There are at least two common threads that can be found in all futures studies programs: a focus on alternative futures and on understanding of forecasts and forecasting. The curriculum content required to accomplish such a task should be broad-based and interdisciplinary in its focus. A combination of community center, library, and telecommunications center will replace today's schools. Those learning centers will include lifelong training and retraining. The core of the new curriculum will be learning to communicate in many ways and using many "languages", ranging from science to dance, from computers to painting. The most important knowledge will be knowledge of thinking skills, creativity, and how to learn.
M. M. Oginskaya, M. V. Rozin
One
of possible mechanisms of psychotherapy, common for all the directions, is
considered: psychotherapeutic myth phenomenon. Concealed and obvious axioms of
modern psychotherapy: client's acception, client's inner locus of control
formation, keeping away, attention switching over— are discussed, as well as
different effects of their adoption and employment.
The notion of "nearest development zone" introduced by L. S. Vygotsky is not worked out enough. Analysis done By the author shows that new formation of the neaicat development zone is represented by inner processes' development change (motives and senses) resulting in the reconstruction of operational side of activity, and not by knowledge and skills acquired in joint activity of a child and an adult.
A. N. Poddyakov
The
possibilities of 5-years-old children's training to use combinatorial skills on
multi-loop object and to analyze several factors' interaction in it are
studied. The method of training and control of this activity mastering is
offered. It is based on the use of special technical devices — puzzles'
complex. Trained preschoolers when experimenting with a new multi-loop object
by themselves find such its sides which were not shown to them and which their
un-trained peers cannot find.
The technology of professional activity:
psychological study
E. M. Ivanova
Analytical professiogram method, offered by the author, allows to systematize the information on any concrete profession including technical tasks and necessary for their fulfilment actions, psychological structure of activity, psychological purposes and processes necessary for it. professionally important qualities of a person. Analitical professiogram can be used for selection and training of personnel, its professional adaptation, optimization of its activity.
Junior schoolchildren's ability to learn
and suggestibility
G. P. Antonova, P. Antonova
Experimental data obtained show different levels of ability to learn and suggestibility in junior schoolchildren. The first of them rises and the latter lessens fron 1-st to 3-rd grade, due to the rise of independence, initiative, self-control and self-regulation. Individual approach to effective education demands taking into consideration the level of ability to learn and suggestibility and their correlation.
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Image-bearing components of
knowledge in education
M. S. Shehter
Rational-analytical methods prevail in school education and integral visual images and their use are underestimated. The utilization of "deformed" objects enables one to be convinced of image-bearing components of knowledge formation and to diagnostically distinguish between image and conceptual aspects of knowledge system. School education forms only strict, exact geometrical notions, though approximate ones comprise the class of visually similar objects. Such "zonal" classes can make the solving of geometrical problems much easier.
Psychological analysis of problem
situations in kindergarten teachers’ activity
E. V. Krasnaya, V. N. Panferov
The experience in psychological knowledge application to practical needs of kindergarten teachers is outlined. The classification and scientific interpretation of problem situations arising in preschoolers' development is offered. The difficulties of individual development illustrated by concrete examples are psychologically analysed. The analysis mainly concerns motivation component of child's personality. Optimal ways of overcoming controversies leading to problem situations are presented.
The child whose parents are
alcoholics: psychological portrait
V. D. Moskalenko
Family environment for children whose parents suffer alcoholism is described, using author's own clinical observations and bibliographical data. The secrecy surrounding alcoholics' family, chaos and unpredictability, frequent quarrels, terror and disillusionment, functions, unnatural for a child, physical and psychological deprivations negatively influence child's development and can produce psychological distortions.
Sex-role socialization in the
contemporary Russian tradition
Yu. E. Aleshina, A. S. Volovich
The
article deals with the problems of sex-role socialization in contemporary
Russian culture. The process is a normative one, common to every culture in the
world, but for any of them it has its own specificities. Sex-role socialization
leads to different problems in self-identifying both for men and women. The authors
analyse its development stage by stage from early childhood to adulthood when
work and family activity plays its role.
Concerning the problem of diverse
abilities
A. L. Gotsdiner
The author is concerned with not enough attention paid to the development of several diverse special abilities as apposed to the development of a single special giftedness. Some examples of abilities' diversity in famous people are presented. Author's own observations of examinees gifted in more than one sphere of activity are described.
Psychological basis of
physician's professional thinking
V. T. Andronov
The
peculiarities of surgeon's professional activity are shown in their connection
to the type of intellect. The author uses the notion of two types of intellect:
sensible (empirical) and sapient (theoretical), worked out in dialectical
logics and psychology. The analysis of experimental data shows that successful
surgeon usually has theoretical type of intellect. The author's conclusion is
that medical education must form theoretical professional intellect in the
students.
Concerning emotions
classification
A. T. Zlobin
The author connects the beginnings and development of emotions to the needs of an individual. The classification of emotions is offered depending on precise mirror symmetry: anger — shame, sorrow — joy, fear — fearlessness. Emotions' alteration corresponds to "emotional wave" model: at first negative emotions are displayed in turn — fear, sorrow, anger,— and then positive ones — shame, joy, fearlessness, always in the same fixed strict sequence. Each emotion's development has wavy form too; the latter is illustrated by the matrix worked out by the author.
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Soviet school pedologic service
in the twenties — thirties
V. F. Baranov
Pedologia's
shortcomings as well as its positive sides (many of the latter are used by
pedagogues and psychologists now, for instance, scientific basis of
differential education) are analysed. By Central Committee of Communist Party
decision of 1936 all the pedologic practice was stopped together with the
necessary and important pedagogical psychological activity.
The problem of schoolchildren's
knowledge mastering in P. P. Blonsky's scientific inheritance
E. R. Artamonova
The author underlines the value of P. P. Blonsky's approach to the problem of knowledge mastering. It is based on dialectical interrelation of perception, memory, thinking, speech. The development of each to these components has its own importance for schoolchildren's knowledge mastering on different stages of their age-specific development. Special attention is paid to P. P. Blonsky's views on thinking's role in better knowledge mastering, perception, memory (memorizing and remembering in particular). P. P. Blonsky's ideas concerning self-control development in knowledge mastering process are reviewed.
Psychology of memory in L. V.
Zankov's works
F. V. Ippolitov
There
are four directions in which L. V. Zankov's research of psychology of memory
gave significant results. The first of them is genetical analysis of mnemic
activity, based on age characteristics, levels of learning, sanity and mental
retardedness. The second one deals with the display of mnemic activity methods.
The third one analyses the duscrepancy between mnemic purpose and real content of
memorizing matter. The fourth one is concerned with un-deliberate processing of
information specificity. L. V. Zankov is one of the first Soviet experimenters
who paid attention to specific paradox of set in memorizing of meaningful
matter. His research stated the question of structure and content of sense
units of a text. L. V. Zankov worked in social-defectological field too.
Developmental psychology problems
(reading O. Mandelshtam's poetry
V. P. Zinchenko
The
article is dedicated to famous Russian poet O. Mandelshtam. There is an attenpt
to reconstruct and systemize his psychological notions and his views on human
development. Such a reconstruction can enrich L. S. Vygotsky's and J. Piaget's
theories of developmental psychology. The analogy between activity field of
poetry and activity field of psychological reality is offered.
The peculiarities of
teenager-delinquent's character
A. A. Rean
Educational
success depends on adequacy of teacher's understanding of student's
personality, more so in teenager-delinquent case. The classification of
accentuation of character types is described. Experimental data on disharmony
of teenager-delinquent's personality development and on adequacy of its
perception by a teacher are presented. The latter was found to be rather
unsatisfactory.
Social-psychological
peculiarities of subordinates' attitude towards a supervisor
R. B. Gitel'maher
The
data of the study concerning the types of subordinates' attitude towards the
supervisor as a result of social-perceptive process are presented. The
classification of the micro-groups based on "attitude towards the
supervisor" criterion is offered: positive attitude, negative, neutral and
situation-oriented ones. Each type of micro-group has its own specific
social-demographic characteristics, number, motives, sets and functions.
The types of purposeful tactics
in schizophrenics
A. P. Kornilov, V. G. Bulygina
The types of special purpose
tactics characteristic for schizophrenics are marked out on basis of
experimental data. The results obtained
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show similarity of self-control failures in patients committing
transgression of order as well as not. There are though the differences in
these groups of mental patients due to different self-evaluation, own
achievements and those of other persons, misinterpretations of prognosis when
setting goals.
The speed of differentiation of
signals and motor images in schoolchildren
N. I. Chuprikova, T. A. Ratanova,
N. P. Lokalova
A
new approach to the study of fundamental components of intellectual abilities
is presented. It is based on the most universal principles of intellectual
development — differentiation and integration — and on S. L. Rubinstein's hypothesis
of analysis and synthesis being the core of intellectual abilities. Purposeful
selection of indices characterizing analysis and synthesis processes' qualities
as manifestations of differentiation and integration of cognitive structures
and as a display of their ability to differentiate and to integrate arousal is
discussed. The results of experimental study of first- and second-graders'
learning success in connection to analysis' quality are shown: the more
delicate perceptive and semantic analysis is needed, the more close is the
connection.
International congresses on
Rorschach test and projective techniques
L.F. Burlachuk, E. Yu. Korzhova
Projective psychology is an
independent and very wide field of research abroad. The article reviews the
principal works presented to XI (1984), XII (1987) and XIII (1990)
International congresses on Roschach test and projective tecniques. Some
directions of research are marked out: theoretical and methodical problems of
projective personality studies, trans-culture studies, longitude research,
projective methods in clinical, forensic and developmental psychology and
psychiatry. The classification of projective studies by employed methods is
possible.