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The humanization of education: the problems and the possibilities
A. A. Melik-Pashaev
The conditions of school education resulting in personal development of a forming person are considered. The author's opinion is that modern school is a system of objective knowledge transition and therefore it cannot perform the upbringing of full value. In order to improve the situation it is necessary to repudiate the division of learning matter into different subjects (on the earliest stages of education at least). The most important goal is to develop child's fantasy, moral qualities, ability for dialogic thinking. Then the mastering of culture is a discovery of new spiritual qualities and abilities in oneself.
On the problems of style
peculiarities of activity self-regulation
O. A. Konopkin, V. I.
Morosanova
It is shown that the most important subjective-personal prerequisites of profession mastering are the individual peculiarities of psychic self-regulation of voluntary activity formed before choosing a vocation. The latter determine the typical for a person style of activity and behaviour regulation. General style phenomenon exists when individual structure and characteristic peculiarities of regulation manifest themselves in different life situations. The individual-typological differences of regulation processes are analysed, their main manifestations and connections with types of personality are shown. The level of style peculiarities accentuation and its functional specificity are considered as the basis of regulation styles' classification. It is concluded that the higher level of regulation function formation and self-regulation processes' harmonization leads to more freedom in vocation choise. When the marked regulation style exists, the importance of assistance in choise of vocation corresponding to interests and inclinations and regulatorial prerequisites as well increases.
The development of theoretical schemes and notion systems in psychology of motivation
A. B. Orlov
Stimulus — reaction scheme
and interaction one are considered to be the most important theoretical schemes
of behaviour determination in foreign psychology. It is stated
that progressive development of
motivation theories demands the transition from these schemes to subject —
object one, which the theory of object activity is based upon. It is shown that
the differentiation of basic theoretical notions of motivation in order to find
dynamic, vector and directive determinants of behaviour is one of the most
important aspects of such a transition.
The importance of students'
individual-personal qualities on different stages of learning process
M. V. Nikeshichev
In order to study in detail
individual-personal qualities of future teachers — musicians methodics showing
the functional hemispheric symmetry — asymmetry of the brain, lability —
inertness of nervous processes and personal peculiarities were used.
Specifically musical and personal qualities necessary for piano playing and for
psychological-pedagogical activity were studied in particular. Data analysis
displayed the correlation between some individual-personal qualities of the
students and their preferable music style. The results of of qualitative and
quantitative analysis can be used for more precise definition of
individual-typological qualities of the students, so that more adequate
pedagogical influence can be achieved.
Self-appraisal of
professionally significant qualities of future teachers and the conditions of
its formation
A. I. Kagalnyak, K. E.
Yashchishin
Structural and substantial characteristics of future teachers' self-appraisal and completeness
189
of reflection by it of their professionally significant qualities are studied. Stimulating such a self-appraisal conditions are stated: 1) formation of a set for consideration of one's individual psychological qualities in order to produce individual activity style, 2) use of collective forms of cognitive activity, role games in order to make more active professional self-consciousness of students, 3) apportionment of self-appraisal as a special purpose.
Individual-psychological
characteristics of external students and the success of their learning
V. I. Natarov, A. S.
Soloviev
Psychological qualities
necessary to external students for successful learning are considered. There
are interrelations between learning motivation and professional adaptation.
Successful external students as opposed to unsuccessful ones critically
estimate their own individual-psychological qualities and strive for
self-perfection.
Records of history: How S.
L. Rubinstein was fired (continued)
Present publication
continues the previous one (Vopr. psihol. 1989. N 4). This part represents verbatim
record of philosophical faculty of Moscow university council's meeting, which
took place on the 12-th of April, 1949. The council's decision was to dismiss
S. L. Rubinstein from the superintendence of psychological department. The
first part of the record got lost and only the second one is published.
Besides, critical statements concerning professor Z. Ya. Beletskiy's views are
omitted though introductory speeches by Sokolov and A. N. Skvortsov containing
general positions determining the spirit of the meeting are presented.
V. V. Belous
Experimental data on
harmonization of temperament and activity are summarized. The influence of
objective activity demands on masking, change and display of temperament is
discussed. Temperament affects dynamics, style and effectivity of individual
and joint activity and personal contacts. Some problems of research in
temperament and activity interaction are stated.
Psychological studies of
TV-communications
L. V. Matveeva, N. B.
Shkoporov
Informational paradigm of
mass media, forming the basis of the most of psychological researches in the
field, is critically analysed. The authors offer principally different
ecological approach to mass media phenomena study, based upon the change of
spectator's status — from the object of influence to the subject of contact.
This concept operates with the notions of behaviour, scene of action, emotional
atmosphere, cognitive processes. All of them must be studied in subject — subject
system of author and spectator.
Role conflict of a working
woman
Yu. Ye. Aleshina, Ye. V.
Lektorskaya
There are important but
insufficiently explored problems in modern psychology — the peculiarities of
combination of professional and family roles of a woman and the factors being
conducive to the settlement of role conflict. 168 working women were
interviewed in accordance with authors special methodics. It is possible to
state that life situations of women having slight middling and strong role conflicts
are quite different. For the last group it was typical to have been strongly
oriented to the family or to the career, to be dependent on different persona
matters and on one's associates opinions. Some measures reducing role conflict
of a working woman are proposed.
Individual emotional style
L. Ya. Dorfman
There are few researches of
emotional sphere of a person concerning its style peculiarities. Most of them
are based on personality concept. This article deals with emotional style
studies based upon activity concept. The notion of emotional experience as an
activity and individual emotional style (IES) concept enables the author to
consider IES as a new aspect of emotional style research and of
integral individuality theory.
The correctness of including IES into integral individuality studues is
theoretically justified by the analysis of IES original conditions, its
stability and the possibility to mark out its hierarchial levels. Like
individual activity style hierarchy, IES contains such levels as intermediate
purposes, operations, reactions, having special psychological substance.
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Concerning I. P. Pavlov's
doctrine role in modern psychology
B. I. Kochubey
I. P. Pavlov's conditioned reflex concept's application in modern science concerning human and animal behaviour is discussed. Science Citation Index and two different selections of articles, published in psychological magazines, are analysed for that purpose. The analysis shows that I. P. Pavlov works' influence on the development of psychology has considerably diminished in recent years as compared to W. James' and Z. Freud's ones. P. G. Kostyuk et al. analysis (1983) of psychological studies' dinamics in USSR for the last 20 years contains the similar data. Only animal behaviour research still is under considerable influence of conditioned reflex theory. Some methological and social aspects of I. P. Pavlov's doctrine's applications are discussed.
Logical analysis and
comprehending problem in psychology
L. A. Radzihovskiy
Problems of analysis in
psychology are considered in connection with previously published in
"Voprosi psihologii" discussion. Two principally different kinds of
analysis are marked out (this psychological tradition was neglected in our
country for the last years). As applied to lower psychical functions exact
analysis is used in accordance with general for all natural sciences precision
criteria. "Comprehending" method is applied to higher psychical
functions not allowing an accurate single localization. Comprehending itself
can be exact or not because of non-formulated intuitive exactness criteria,
none the less effective.
The problems of teacher's
education substance
N. V. Kopteva
The structure of psychological
tex-books for students — future teachers — is considered. It is usually
traditional and is based on empirical data. The necessity of such a change of
psychological curriculum that it serves as a foundation of theoretical thinking
of a teacher is stressed.
The diagnostics to
interaction in significant relations
A. A. Kronik, E. A. Kronik
This article continues the
description of methodical possibilities given by psychological game
"Intrigue" (Vopr. psihol. 1988. N 1. 98-106). The ways of measurement
of partners' satisfaction with their relationship are shown. Three general
kinds of non-satisfaction (rejection of feelings, intolerance to partner's
behaviour, cognitive tension) arising from the non-coordination of real and
desired levels of relations are marked out. Classification of disturbances in
mutual understanding (on an example of marital relations) is given. Their main
varieties are: non-perspicacity, non-sincerety, distrast, myth, ritual lie,
unjustified suspiciousness, discord. Humorous potential of the game can be used
for correction of relations.
V. F. Odoevskiy's
psychological views
V. V. Bolshakova
V. F. Odoevskiy's
psychological views corresponded with general psychological scientific progress
in the first half of XIX century and were based on native materialistic science
achievements (M. V. Lomonosov, A. N. Radishchev, N. I. Novi-kov, V. N.
Tatishchev). V. F. Odoevskiy was interested in self-observation, problems of
theoretical thinking, ets. He considered the verification of studies' results,
and the beginnings of socio-psychological problems' solving. He also paid
attention to the correlation of thinking and speech.
Individual space
lateralization's influence on perceptive processes' asymmetry
Yu. V. Braginskaya, B.
M. Velichkovskyi, P. N. Prudkov
The connection between
functional asymmetry of the brain and lateralization of individual space is
studied. The new method based on a variant of Stroop effect of examining
interference effects in visual reception is presented. The use of
unconcor-dance between retinal and individual space coordinates enables the
researcher to discern two different mechanisms of functional asymmetry. The
machinery of solving left-hemispheric problems is connected to lateralization
of receptor structures. The machinery of solving right-hemispheric problems is
determined by the differences in representation of left and right halves of
individual space.
P. G. Nezhnov, A. M.
Medvedev
Theoretical thinking by children
studies are continued conforming to concept of learning activity. The authors
offer original methodics for exposing of interior connection of theoretical
analysis and planning and for objectifying of constructive aspect of analysis
act. The experimental results show that planning as an action based on
foresight mediates the transition to theoretical analysis from inferior forms
of orientation. New methodics shows constructive aspect of analysis clearly
enough.
Interactions of personal
sets in communication
G. Ya. Shapirshtein
The possibility of
simultaneous coexistence of several sets corresponding or opposing each other
was proved experimentally. The connections of sets influence the results of
activity: when opposing each other sets can eject one another or realize
themselves losing integrity.
Interhemispheric asymmetry
in creative process in fine arts
G. A. Golitsin, V. S.
Kamenskiy, V. M. Petrov
The phenomenon of functional
asymmetry of the brain of the representatives of fine arts and its informative
manifestations were established. The applied methodics were described in the
article of the same authors (Vopr. psihol. 1988. N 5. P. 150—156).
The determination of
developmental levels of verbal-logical thinking in schoolchildren
L. I. Peresleni, L. F.
Chuprov
The extent of verbal-logical
thinking formation is important for the definition of mental developmental
level of younger schoolchildren. The authors' methodics contains a short
version of the first four verbal subtests formed after R. Antho-wer's
principle. There are 5 tasks for being in the know (I test), 10 tasks for
classification (II test), 5 tasks for drawing an analogy (III test), and 5
tasks for generalization of notions (IV test). When the first attempt to solve
the problem fails, stimulating assistance is offered. The success of problem
solving was estimated in points. Four levels of success are considered. It
enables one to find the lag in the development of verbal-logical thinking of
6,5 — 10 years old children.
Methodological basis of
foreign professional development theories
I. M. Kondakov, A. V.
Suharev
This article represents an
attempt of comparative analysis of methodological basis of foreign professional
development theories in order to improve theoretical and practical aspects of
professional counselling in the USSR. Differential-diagnostical and
psychoanalitical issues, theory of decision making, theory of professional
development and J. Holland's typological approach are discussed. The positive
and negative sides of the above mentioned issues are shown. Some of the data
are presented in Soviet scientific publications for the first time.