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Addressing
the young psychologists
E.
A. Klimov
The author — the dean of
Moscow University psychological department — addresses the students. Ho underlines
the dual nature of psychology — it produces the new information and, on the
other hand, it consists of certain actions. Scientific research and
psychological practice require different sorts of professionals. The main
functions of a psychologist directed to society benefit are stated. Basic
principles of scientific discussions are considered. There are some indisputable
scientific authorities (they are listed) to be leaned upon to overcome arising
contradictions (which are however necessary for scientific development).
Personality: a person within the world and the world
within the person
D. A. Leontiev
The integration of two
paradigms of person's study — natural science paradigm "person within the
world" and humanitarian one "world within the person" is
approached. The notion of personal meaning is considered to be a connecting
link between them. The concept of personality is introduced on philosophical
and psychological levels of analysis, the ways of autonomous personality
formation and the phenomena of the loss or rejection of personality are
discussed.
An attempt to construct psychologo-pedagogical
concept of preschool upbringing
E. V. Bodrova, V. V. Davydov, V. A. Petrovskiy,
R. B. Sterkina
The leading tendencies of
kindergarten renewal — strengthening of child's health (both physical and
psychological) protection, humanization of education, emancipation of children
and their tutors, continuity of all social stages of childhood, radical changes
of pedagogical education — are considered.
Cognitive
interests' peculiarities of senior schoolchildren during differentiated
education
I. S. Yakimanskaya, N. I.
Yudashina
Information about content
and dynamics of senior schoolchildren's interests when absorbed in a subject
makes it necessary to work out psycho-logo-pedagogical criteria of selection of
school-children for advanced learning, to use untraditional methods of
education, to elicit schoolchildren's motivational, cognitive and emotional
peculiarities. Special multidimentional studies and dyagnostic and correction
methods were used for that purpose.
Psychologo-pedagogical
problems of speech developmont in preschoolers
F. A. Sokhin
On the 9th of March, 1989,
F. A. Sokhin, well-known soviet psychologist, died. To perpetuate the memory of
F. A. Sokhin, part of his unpublished thesis for a Doctor's degree is
presented. Language mastering by a child is characterized not only by imitation
of adult's speech and intuitive adoption of language means and norms, but first
and foremost by development of language generalization and elementary
realization of language phenomena.
Levels
of problem solving by students
A. V. Furman
The article gives an account
of psychological content and peculiarities of problem solving by an individual,
and the role of problems in instruction is determined. It contains an analysis
of the dependency between the problematic level of instructional tasks and the
extent of productivity of students thinking. A theoretical model of the levels
of problem solving by the students which covers both actual and approximate
development zones (L. V. Vygotsky), is suggested. Within the framework of the
model four
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structurally and
functionally different levels of problem solving are shown, basing on two
grounds: the extent of novelty and originality (correlation of productive and reproductive processes), and the level of extension of thinking
process (interaction of intuitive and discourse processes). Psychological and
pedagogical demands to selection of a system of problems for instruction, which
arise from analysis of the model, are described in the article.
Masculinity
— femininity stereotypes and ‘I-image’ an adolescents
The relation of masculinity
— femininity stereotypes depending on sex and ethno demographic characteristics
in adolescents and their "I-image" is studied. 289 VIIth- and
Xth-graders were examined. The notion of "Majority of Men",
"Majority of Women", "I" were evaluated by participants
according to "Personality potential" methodics and the results were
factorized for three groups; boys, girls and adolescents living in the same
district. The differences of stereotypes were due to sex and ethno democratic
characteristics of participant and to the notion considered. The
instrumentality prevailed in masculinity stereotypes and stereotype perception
in boys and the emotionality prevailed in femininity stereotypes and stereotype
perception in girls. The peculiarities of "I-image" depending on sex
and the degree of sex-role liberty in different ethno demographic situations
are described.
Individual communication in the collective
play-and subject activity
E. I. Mastvilisker
The author describes
operations which characterize an individual communication style depending on
interpersonal interaction activity types. Three types of interpersonal
interaction — cooperation, rivalry and domination-subordination are related to
the information exchange style (according to Hull), different levels of
individual properties, the status, the temperament and the cognitive style. The
degree of obviousness of stylistic peculiarities of the communication
operations depends on the intensity in the diade. The influence of the
individual communication style on the stability of the style of individual
activity was researched. The stadility of the operational activity structure
depends on the opportunity for the display of the initiative, which is
determined by the type of interaction in the diade.
Influence
of a student's appearance self-appraisal on personal contacts with other people
There is a correlation of
high enough degree of one's appearance and general self-appraisal of a person.
The influence of self-appraisal (high, mean and low level) upon value
orientation, preferable kinds of activity and partners' choice is considered.
Teacher'
s professional training and problems of motivation forming and action control
D. Vanek, F. Man
A summary of action control
concept in its connection to educational process is given. The learning
situations when volitional action control is necessary and the volitional
action regulation categories are considered.
Psychodiagnostic
function of a teacher: the ways of realization
Yu. Z. Gilboukh
The author substantiates the
notion of duality in school psychological service organization: the emergence
of school psychologists corps is the first side of it and the performance of
psychodiagnostic function by a teacher is the second one, no less important.
Methodical prerequisites for the dual problem solution are analyzed and the importance
of methodological factor is stressed.
Special
features of Russian language mastering by Moldavian schoolchildren
L. N. Trofaila
The new course of Russian
language for Moldavian schools, its peculiarities and consequent requirements
of schoolchildren' mental activity are discussed. The results of a study show
the correctness of the following hypothesis: purposeful forming of Russian
language data comprehension methods in 6 year old Moldavian schoolchildren
guarantees its theoretical comprehension and gives them a chance to master
conversational and written communication.
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H. Shodiev
As a result of teaching
programmes, and text books, analysis and of observation of punctuation skills
forming process it was discovered that teaching Russian to Uzbeck
schoolchildren was based upon easily grasped separate
signs—''reference-points" — conjunctions and similar grammatical forms. It
was stated that such a method was psychological reason of Uzbeck schoolchildren's
punctuation errors and was not resulting in purposeful forming of grammatical
skills.
Formation of language construction by Azerbaijanian schoolchildren when
mastering Russian
A.
A. Guliev
Higher effectiveness of studying
Russian by non-Russian-speaking schoolchildren can be achieved by proposed
method of training representing psychologically sound system of tasks. It
ensures the forming of speech skills corresponding with theoretical knowledge
about language. The merit of this method lies in the fact that a sentence is
considered as the main unit and grammatical rules are used for language
structural units treatment in order to construct and spell Russian expressions.
Is there a need in school
sports lessons: psychologist's viewpoint
N. P. Lokalova
Author's purpose is to
change widespread teachers', students', and their parents' view on sports
lessons at school as unimportant. It is shown that beside health benefits and
physical development sports lessons at school activate different psychological
processes and promote psychomotor development.
S. L. Rubinstein's doctrine and the problems of pedagogical practice
I. A. Ilnitskaya
Some constructive ideas
contained in S. L. Rubinstein's scientific heritage, which can be used in
Soviet school restructuring, are analized. In particular, his humanistic
attitude towards personality is described. Contrary to prevailing tendencies of
the time, S. L. Rubinstein studied the creative essence of a person as of a
subject and not of a "screw". S. L. Rubinstein considered the
principles of creative independent action, cooperation of a teacher and a
pupil, individualization of teaching to be the foundation of educational
system. He contended against erroneous views of some scientists and teachers of
correlation between education and development, which resulted, in his opinion,
in the loss of the notion of education.
On uniqeness of human personality
G.
S. Tarasov
The article considers
various aspects of the unique human personality: motivation, abilities,
self-consciousness, attitudes, and temper. Dialectics of equatity and
contradiction between personality and psychological individuality are shown.
Concerning correctness of critics, professional author's (editor's)
ethics and quolity of chapter "Collective" in "General
Psychology" tex-book
R. S. Nemov
Critical analysis of
"General Psychology" tex-book for students — future teachers — is
given. By way of illustration necessary alterations (due to present day new way
of thinking, democratization and glasnost') of the chapter
"Collective" of this tex-book (ed. A. V. Petrovskiy) are proposed.
Special attention is paid to the need of more careful study of modern foreign
psychology and its adequate reflection in psychological tex-books and curricula.
Concerning ethics, and not only professional one
A.
V. Petrovskiy
This article is an answer to
R. S. Nemov's critical analysis of "General Psychology" tex-book's
chapter "Collective". It is shown that R. S. Nemov's present position
refutes the main content of his own articles and the thesis for Doctor's degree
based on stratometric concept. There is no attempt on R. S. Nemov's part to
critisize his own views stated in those publications if he considers them
untrue now.
The display of medical personnel's attitude to mental patients in a
rehabilitation ward
G.
V. Burckovskiy
The nurse's attitude to the
patients of psychiatric clinic was experimentally studied. The nurse's
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expression was shown to
depend on her abilities to be impressed. The display of nurse's attitude to
patients was connected with her willingness to deal with differently diagnosed
ones and with patient’s willingness to contact nurses.
Individual psychological
quolities of partners in cooperation for problems' solving
T.
G. Khaschenko
The comparison of data on
cooperation between preschoolers and between adults with neuroses when solving
reflective problems is conducted. It is shown that typical for a person activity
in frustrating situations is a condition for intellectual cooperation. Such an
activity in senior preschoolers increases as a result of reflective problems'
solving cooperation and depends on leader's participation. Adults with neuroses
were verbally aggressive towards partners and experimenter and tried to avoid
joint problem solving.
Determination of value
orientation unity and of group development level by selective method
N. I. Shevandrin
Selective method of
development of interpersonal relations evaluation is shown to be more effective
compared to those using only integral characteristics of value reference
likeness for all the participants of a study. The notion of "stand opposition
grating" may be generalized for different strata of intergroup activity.
The application of "grating" principle for diagnostics and the use of
psychosemantic methods enables one to discern and to quantitatively and
qualitatively study structural components of value-reference unity as a phenomenon
and a determinant.
Concerning the shape of
auditory space
N. N. Korzch, U. P. Leonov
Elliptic nature of auditory
space is shown by means of auditory differentiation. It is supposed to reflect
the universal characteristics of subjective space. The shape of elliptic auditory
space may depend on individual and personal peculiarities of person's activity
when identifying auditory signals.
Unfinished sentences' method
in person's relations study
V. G. Kazachkova
The new study of B. 1.
Dodonov's method of unfinished sentences for emotions' classification is
presented. Emotional and cognitive components of relations are evaluated. Wide
range of persona] and intellectual quolities of examined students are
determined by means of this method. Its usefulness for psychological practice
is shown.
The development of child's
causality concept
Ye. V. Soubbotskiy
There are three lines in the
study of the development of child's causality concept. The first of them deals
with child's perception of formal characteristics of causal relation between
events — temporal and spation correlations of cause and effect. The second one
investigates child's animistic notions about the universe revealing in verbal
and practical manner. The third line aims at the study of child's ability to
perceive and make out the reasons of a person's behaviour. Special attention is
paid to the study of causality concept in infants showing their "early
competence" in perception of causal relations.