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PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE INHIBITION OF
SOCIAL CHANGE
L. Ya. Gozman
The social psychological aspects of the reforms ongoing in our country are analysed. Traditionally passive stand of the psychological science as far as social problems are concerned and the absence of research on the burning social topics are pointed out. There are two psychological characters the lack of which in many persons determines the psychological resistance to the restructuring; these are active position and cognitive pluralism. Both of these characters are formed in a regular way in the onthogenetic process. The study describes their being influenced by different socio-cultural factors such as specific circumstances of upbringing and education, propaganda stereotypes etc. On the base of this analysis an attempt is made in the study to predict the development of the restructuring process. Putting special attention to possible evil consequences of the ongoing social changes the author considers several specific problems which can be solved only with the help of a series of special psychological studies.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF SIGHT IN THE CONTEXT OF THE
PROSPECTS OF THE GENERAL SPIRITUAL DEVELOPMENT OF AN INDIVIDUAL
V. P. Zintchenko
The article is based on the report
to the National symposium on Moral Education of the Pre-School Age Children
(Goteiba, Japan, August 8—10, 1988). An attempt has been made to link the
experimental research on visiual perception in the children of the pre-school
age with the cultural historic theory of Vygotsky. This link is described
against the background of some fragments taken from the painting history.
PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PERSONALITY
DEVELOPMENT IN ADOLESCENCE
D. I. Feldstein
The laws of successive social
maturation of a growing person are described using adolescence as an example.
Deep analysis of the stage-by-stage development of an adolescent is presented.
This development is considered through the peculiar characteristics of
self-consciousness in the different manifestations thereof — self-evaluation,
personality reflexion, requirements on oneself and on others, motives of
activity, ideals, interests of the children of different age groups (10—11,
12—13 and 14—15).
ON THE NATURE OF THE NON-RETENTION PHENOMENA IN PIAGET TASKS
N. I. Tchuprikova
In the study reasons are presented
for the dependence of the phenomena of non-retention of length, quantity and
weight in Piaget tasks on the lack of differentiation in the reflection of
different object properties. The data are reviewed on the successful forming of
the capacity to fulfil retention tasks with the non-retenting children. It is
shown that behind the very different, on the sight, techniques of such forming
there is always a process of developing more articulate and differentiated
reflection of different object properties. It is concluded that viewing mental
activities as analytico-synthetical and using modern cognitive psychology
concepts the age called by Piaget a period of concrete operations formation
must be qualified as a period of forming and cognitive differentiation of
well-developed mental representations of perceived properties of physical
objects.
ON THE MAIN DIRECTIONS IN THE IMAGINATION
DEVELOPMENT OF A PRESCHOOLER
O. M. Dyatchenko
The problem of the imagination
development in the pre-school age is considered. Imagination is viewed as a
higher mental function the becoming of which essentially consists of the
mastering by a child of certain means.
On the basis of the analysis of a
great body of facts (data of special and those gathered in the psychological
consultation for pre-schoolers) the characteristics of the imagination process
in pre-schoolers were studied. Among these are the specific structural features
of this process, the main stages of its development in the pre-school age and
individual differences in imagination (predominance of the
"affective" imagination directed to the self-image cotrol or
"cognitive" one directed to the cognition of the environment).
The results of the study make it
possible to design some strategies of the imagination education.
SEARCH ACTIVITIES: PROBLEMS OF TEACHING AND
DEVELOPMENT
I. S. Korostelyova, V. S. Rotenberg
The importance of search activities
for the normal mental development of a child and possible
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ways of the state of diving up search activity
being formed in different age periods are considered. The study leads to a
conclusion that frustration of the leading activity defining the child
development stage is decisive for the development of the taught helplessness
(as a sort of search refusal).
TAKING INTO ACCOUNT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL
DIFFERENCES OF SCHOOLCHILDREN IN THE LEARNING PROCESS
M. K. Akimova, V. T. Kozlova
For the individual approach to
students to be efficient it should be based on deep scientific knowledge of
individual differences. In the article some forms of learning activities and
some kinds of learning tasks which are not helpful for individuals with weak
and inert nervous system are considered. The ways to overcome their difficulties
and what a teacher can do to help them are shown.
PSYCHOLOGICAL-HISTORICAL PECULIARITIES OF THE
CONCEPTION OF MAN IN LEONARDO DA VINCI'S CREATIVE WORK
S. S. Dashkova
Creative work of Leonardo da Vinci
has been analized in the context of evolution of the historical-cultural
conception of man. The author regards empirical observations, scientific
ideas, and works of art pertaining to representation of man as generalized
manifestations of the conception of man and of individuality characteristic of
particular historical erochs. Some phenomena of social perception described in
Leonardo's diaries are considered from the viewpoint of present-day science.
STYLE OF ACTIVITY: NEW APPROACHES AND ASPECTS
Ye. P. Ilyin
Style of activity is determined by a
number of properties (morphological, physiological, psychological) — not only
by typological properties of the nervous system. It is more proper therefore to
define activity style as a tactical system of ways of performing particular
tasks and not as a way of performing particular acts. Styles of activity also
do not get developed as a means of efficient performance. Relations between the
style and efficiency are rather complicated, and there may be cases when
styles, developed in accordance with typological dispositions, are
counterproductive from the efficiency point of view. The data are given which
show that styles may have variants, i. e. there may exist substyles.
AN INTER-D1SC1PLINARY CONCEPTION OF MAN:
NEED-INFORMATION APPROACH
P. V. Simonov
Using a need-information approach
(P. Simonov. Emotional Brain. New York, Plenum, 1986) the author presents
essential definitions of several concepts of general psychology: personality —
a unique composition and inner hierarchy of the main (vital, social, ideal)
needs of a given person including varieties of their conservation and development,
"for the self" and "for others"; character — an individual
manifestation and composition of subsidiary needs for overcoming (will),
competence and economy of strength characteristic of a given person; soul,
spirit — an individual manifestation in a given personality structure of the
ideal need for knowledge and of the social need "for others", the
first of these needs being usually called "spirit", the second one being
termed "soul", emotion — a reflection by the brain of some actual
need and of the probability (possibility) of its fulfillment, an active state
of a system of specialized brain formations inducing the subject to change its
behavior in the direction of minimization or maximization of this state;
consciousness — operating a knowledge which can be passed to other people
using words, mathematical symbols, technology patterns and images of art,
including also passing it over to other generations in the form of the cultural
heritage; subconsciousness — automatized and thereby not perceived cosciously
habits, behavior patterns learned by imitation, internalized social norms whose
regulative function is experienced as "the voice of conscience",
"feeling of maral obligation" and the like; superconsciousness
(creative intuition) — a brain mechanism of hypothesis-formation whose correspondence
to the reality is proved by the later social practice.
L. A. Radzikhovskiy
The general cultural and
methodological importance of the theory of Freud is considered. It is shown
that a peculiar type of study has been formed in psychoanalysis — the study of
psychological phenomena as independent of consciousness and in this sense
objective. The importance of psychoanalysis for the organization of
psychotherapeutic work in our country is stressed.
INTERHEMISPHERIC ASYMMETRY AND VERBAL AND
NON-VERBAL COMPONENTS OF COGNITIVE ABILITIES
M. K. Kabardov, M. A. Matova
The complex experimental study has
shown relative independence of verbal and non-verbal components of abilities
in adolescents. A comparative
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analysis presents more close links between
verbal ability components and the successful mastering of liberal arts subjects
while non-verbal components appear more closely related to science subjects.
Relatively more frequent dominance of the right hemisphere was found in the
audio-verbal perception of adolescents as compared with that of adults. With
Sth-form pupils having higher level of non-verbal abilities it is the right
hemisphere dominance in the working over of audio-verbal and visual information
that is more of ten found. It was shown that the non-verbal ability components
remain not disclosing the existing educational system and are the reserve for
raising of the efficiency of schooling.
INTER-HEMISPHERIC ASYMMETRY AND INDIVIDUAL
STYLES OF EMOTIONAL RESPONDING
V. A. Moskvin
According to the data of a
psychodiagnostic study 52 unilateral right-handed men have shown correlation of
a dominant elbow with an individual style of emotional responding. These styles
correspond to two parameters of personality — "general activity" and
"emotionality" in V. D. Ne-bylitsin's terms. It is supposed that the
A. R. Luria test ("arms cross") is an outer marker of the functional
dominance of frontal-reticular or frontal-limbic brain structures.
Neurophysiological and neurochemical arguments thereof are given.
PORTRAIT AS AN INSTRUMENT FOR MEASURING
INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS
Ye. Yu. Artemyeva, G. A. Kovalyov, N. V. Semilyet
A new modified version of the
semantic differential (SD) technique is tried wherein a human portrait is
used for measuring interpersonal relations in a group and their dynamics. The
technique is based on the expert evaluations of graphic pictures of a human
being which disclose the attitude of an author to other group members and to
himself. Is has been shown that the specific graphic form of these pictures
translates subjective meanings of the relations between the authors of the
drawings. The technique makes it possible, in contrast to direct verbal SD
evaluations, to get deeper and more objective information on the character of
interpersonal relations between men in the situation of group interaction.
VISUAL AND KINAESTHETIC ESTIMATION OF SENSORY
STIMULI BY CHILDREN OF DIFFERENT AGES
V. I. Loupandin, I. V. Augenberg, N. A.
Ivanitchkina, L. Ye. Kozina, S. A. Shevtchenko
In the study the data was obtained
that junior children (5—7 years old) while estimating sensory stimuli and the
difference in their strength use ordinal or interval scales more often. Later
the relation scale gets developed which is based on the life experience of the
subject and on his capicity for giving quantitative expression to interstimuli
relations.
DINAMICS OF EMOTIONAL TENSION STATES AS A
FUNCTION OF INDIVIDUAL PERSONALITY CHARACTERISTICS
A. V. Makhnach, Yu. V. Boushov
Dependence of an emotional tension
state (ET) on individual personality characteristics in the special conditions
of activity (SCA) is studied. SCA were created in a pressure chamber by
"raising" to the altitude of 300 m with the speed of 4 m/sec
(duration of staying 'at the altitude' was 40 min). 40 practically healthy men
participated in the experiment. For the study of ET dynamics the methods of M.
Lusher, of Ch. D. Spieiberger, the functional state self-evaluation
questionnaire; were used. Personality traits were measured by H. Eysenck S.
Rosenzwieg techniques, and by SMOL. It was found out that ET state is a
function of such personality traits as extraversion-introversion, neuroticism,
rigidity, impulsivity, of a type of frustration response direction. These
results make it possible to predict psychophysiologic responses of an
individual, his reliability in SCA.
EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES OF
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT IN THE THEORY OF C. ALLRED
V. Ye. Tsaryov, I. A. Kuzmitchova
The article presents psychological
analysis of Positive Action school curriculum developed by Dr. Carol Allred,
PH. D. and the staff of Positive Action Publishing, Twin Falls, Idaho, USA.
Positive Action concepts are: self-management, self-concept, physical health,
intellectual growth, getting along with others, self-honesty and
self-improvement. Evaluation data shows effectiveness of Positive Action
curriculum by improving student behavior, academic achievement, locus of
control, positive skills in communication, drug abuse prevention and some
other important elements in to-day's school climate. The article also refers to
the opportunities of joint Soviet-American research of Positive Action impact
on child's personality creative development.
THE PROSPECTS OF HUMANISTIC TEACHING
A. B. Orlov
The article deals with the ideas
Carl Rogers' book "Freedom to learn for 80's" contains. The book
shows new and progressive trends in educational psychology. It can be of great
help to Soviet teachers and psychologists.