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SUMMARIES
Advances in the development of fundamental and applied
psychology in the
Kriagzhde S. P.
Psychologists
are being trained in
Psychology in the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic
Zhabitskaya L. G.
Educational
psychology is the branch of psychology traditionally most developed in the
Republic. In connection with the school reform and with transition of the
school education to the 6-year-old level a number of experiments is being
performed in the Republic since 1981; particular attention is given to
adaptation of the 6-year-olds to the school life, and to their communication
with age-peers and adults, to the problem of development of written speech in
younger schoolchildren, etc. Another large area of scientific-applied research
concerns different aspects of social-psychological work in the industrial
context: problems of management, psychological climate in blue-and white-collar
groups, factors of work efficiency, etc. Lately applied aims in the
psychological research have been particularly stressed. At the same time it is
to be said that the efforts of psychologists in the Republic are not centered
around a fixed set of important issues, and there is still a lack of large
scientific collectives.
On the psychological-pedagogical provision of the
reform of general-educational and professional school (review of the data
collected by the Coordination Board attached to the Presidium of the
Bodaliov A. A., Demidova S. I.
Reports from
all institutions administered by the Academy of pedagogical science dealing
with problems concerning psychological-pedagogical provision of efficient work of
teachers and of the school as a whole have been analyzed with the view to show
the best and the worst in the researches performed there. Basic trends are
shown, principal shortcomings and insufficiencies in the work and methods of
both scientific research and of planning and controlling institutions are
revealed and discussed, as well as possible reserves to be used in order to
overcome them.
The concept of proximal zone of development and its
possible role in solution of urgent problems in educational psychology
Gilbukh Y. Z.
An attempt
has been made to analyze and specify L. S. Vygotsky's idea of the proximal zone
of child's development in the light of pressing needs of the educational
practice. It is pointed out in connection with this that together with such a
zone which provides for reproductive independent performance on the part of a
pupil, there appears in the process of learning another kind of a zone — that
of his creative independence. Formative efficiency of learning is at that
directly proportional to the size of this zone (and not only of the proximal
zone of development) and inversely proportional to the combination of
instructional influences. Introduction of a computer into the instructional
process makes it possible to perform accurate operative diagnosis of both zones
and thus to purposefully cultivate them.
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Three paradigms in psychology - three strategies of
psychological influence
Kovalev G. A.
In
correspondence with three psychological paradigms which the author establishes:
1) trans-active vs. hypodermic, 2) actional vs. reactive, and 3) processual vs.
affectational — three types of psychological influence are named: imperative,
manipulative, and developing. Detailed characteristics of the three types are
given (conditions, mechanisms, etc.).
Intragroup mechanisms in socialization of toddlers
Slobodskaya E. R., Plusnin Y. M.
The system
of individual preferences of toddlers during a semistructured game in the
kindergarten has been investigated. It has been found to vary depending on the
type of activity: highly centralized unipolar structures (co-operative object
game, distribution of visual attention in a group), or poorly centralized
multipolar structures (spatial proximity, taking away an object, aggressive
contacts). Sex-related preferences of toddlers have been found - boys
demonstrate distinct preferences for their own sex, girls typically do not
prefer their own sex.
Role of communication with an adult in development of
the object-manipulatory activity of a first-year-old child
Smirnova E. O., Roshka G. N.
Proceeding
from the data obtained in the study designed by M. I. Lisina the authors single
out two principal kinds of adult's influence on development of an image of an
object in an infant: 1) the adult attaches to the object the "affective
charge" motivating the manipulatory activity of the infant which finally
leads to appearance of an image, 2) the adult patterns in an adequate way the
motor activity of the infant by teaching him specific operations with the
object which thus becomes the mechanism of formation of an image of the object.
Motor and orienting activity of the infant directed to the object serve as
indicators of the availability of qualitative peculiarities of the image of an
object.
Development of a general method of solving tasks of a
particular class under conditions of collective work
Semenova M. A.
Results of
an experimental study of the possibility to develop a general method for
solving, a certain class of tasks under conditions of collective-distributed
work are presented. The study has been performed on the material of tasks
requiring representation of trajectories of complex motions. A system of
instructional assignments is suggested aimed to promote development of a
general method of solving tasks of the given class, as well as a system of
corresponding diagnostical tests. In the study all the subjects progressed to a
higher level of development of the general method of solution of the
experimental set of tasks.
Some developmental peculiarities of the ability for
psychological interpretation, on the non-verbal behavior
Labunskaya V. A.
Ability for
psychological interpretation of the non-verbal behaviour has been considered as
a subjective factor which mediates the process of interpersonal behaviour. Its
dynamics in ontogenesis is reconstructed against the background of the growth
of personality as the subject of active interpersonal communication (particular
attention is paid to the stages of adolescence and youth). An analytical
structure of the ability is suggested; and individual variants of development
of the ability are presented proceeding from changes in the structure as a
result of increasing complexity of communication in ontogenesis. Relation
between the level of the ability and the place of the individual in a small
group is discussed.
Psychological analysis of the educational
generalization in S. N. Lysenkova's system
Bogoyavlenskaya D. B.
Ahead-of-schedule
instructional procedure practiced by S. N. Lysenkova is based on three principles:
economy of time, visual supports, commented control. This set of principles
represents psychological regularities underlying the development of empirical
generalizations by students.
Psychological-pedagogical analysis of adults'
addresses to children
Chirkova T. I.
A
classification of adults' addresses to children is suggested. More than 7000
addresses have been analyzed on the basis of the classification. Positive and
negative aspects of the most frequent classes are described. It is shown that
the classification can be of use in the assessment of the efficiency of the
educational process and in planning of corrective measures.
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Communication while learning a foreign language, and
emotionality
Samarova O. V.
The author
compares manifestation of some emotional qualities in everyday life and in the
process of communication while learning a foreign language. Specific changes
which the emotional states undergo in the process of the learning communication
activity are described.
Educational use of the TV informational-publicistic
broadcasts for adolescents
Shkolnik L. S., Kostenko N. V., Manayev О. Т., Saar A. A.
The authors
show how different educational goals can be achieved with the help of existing
TV broadcasts for adolescents. Practical experience of teachers as well as
experimental lessons and reviews are presented and discussed. Some recommendations
for the teachers as to how the data obtained in such research should be used
are given.
Psychological-pedagogical consultation at school
Pahalian V. E.
Experience
accumulated by a psychological-pedagogical consultation service organized by a
high-school chair of pedagogics and psychology is described. It is shown how
the tasks set forth before the psychological staff of the high school by the
law of the school reform can be realized through a system of such
consultations. In the author's opinion such service provides a feed-back for
the "high school - secondary school" system and creates possibilities
for increasing the efficiency of the instructional-educational process in
schools of both levels.
Perspectives in the professional-technical education
Batyshev S. Y.
Different
aspects of the professional-technical education, specificity of the present-day
stage, concrete tasks set forth by the school reform, corresponding theoretical
and applied problems are dwelt upon. Particularly the following problems are
dealt with: theoretical (social-economical, psychological) justification of the
necessary changes in the structure of education (of the new approach to the
content, forms and methods of teaching, of the ideological-educational work, to
the training and re-training of the teachers personnel); organizational
problems (interrelations between specialized vocational training schools and
enterprises, establishment of specialized laboratories and divisions within
high schools and headquarters factories and plants); elaboration of general,
unified requirements to the training of professional personnel; prediction of
changes in the professional-qualification structure of labour, etc. A complex
approach to consideration of the above problems is suggested. The necessity to
develop principles of polytechnical education as the basis for professional
training of a new type is underlined.
On the communicative nature of musical abilities
Tarasov G. S.
В. М.
Teplov's well-known concept is complemented by the artistic-communicative
approach to the problem of musical abilities. During the forty years which
passed since publication of Teplov's book the situation in musicology has
seriously changed — now we have a lot of data which testify to correctness of
the communicative approach (
On practical work in psychological fields
Radzihovsky L. A.
Logical-methodological,
social, and organizational aspects of the problem of correlation between a
psychological theory (particularly — a theory of personality) and corresponding
applied work are discussed. The author proceeds from the idea that a
psychological theory can be "functionable" only when its logic,
language and goals constitute a natural outgrowth, specific form of explication
(verbalization) of the logic, language and goals of practice. Some
organizational-social outcomes of the suggested approach are discussed.
Operation of comparison in speech communication
Samoylenko E. S.
The way men
use comparisons in verbal communication has been experimentally studied. The
subjects were to assess the difference between complicated pictures while
describing them. It has been found out that the subjects tend to substitute the
task to verbalize the similarity of objects for the initial task to verbalize the
difference between them. This substitution may serve as an adequate indicator
of
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the degree of perceived dissimilarity between the objects. Three manners of
verbalization are established corresponding to the degree of perceived
dissimilarity.
Development of the proving reasoning in youth
Gankova Z. A.
Proving as a
logical operation is regarded in two aspects: as an investigative activity and
as a method of promotion of thinking activity in schoolchildren. Peculiarities
of proving in subjects belonging to different age groups show that this type of
logical thinking goes on developing in the period of youth. Results of a
teaching experiment testify that logical thinking, appearance of logical
operations significantly depend on the way they are taught and acquired.
Role of the object content of activity in the
interaction of sets
Shapirstein G. Ya.
It has been
experimentally shown that sets actualized by a particular activity may be
functionally contradictory or cooperative depending on the place of the object
content of the activity in its over-all structure. Goal-related sets may exert
at that regulatory influence on the functional relations of operational sets.
Professiographic aspects of decision-making in
vocational choice
Smirnov A. I.
Proceeding
from E. A. Klimov's multi-dimensional classification of professions the author
suggests a method of vocation selection based on combination of parameters
presented in advance to the client. The method makes it possible to represent
the required vocation as a linear system (profile) of indicators which may be
directly used by the consultant or fed into a computerized system.
Experimental study of certain types of the rigidity of
thinking
Nizharadze G. A.
Some
phenomena of the problem-solving rigidity have been investigated. Considering
the experimentally obtained data it can be stated that there exist at least two
types of rigidity: 1) motivational rigidity (Einstellung-effect, and the like)
which tends to increase in anxiety, and 2) insight rigidity which arises during
the solution of insight problems and which is not characterized by the above
tendency.
Prediction of the speed of motor learning on the basis
of genetic markers
Sergienko L. P., Korenevich V. P.
Correlation
between some dermatoglyphic markers and the speed of acquisition of motor
skills has been studied (the study was designed in the context of predicting
motor abilities in beginning sportsmen). Specific genetic indicators of the
capacity for quick acquisition of motor skills established in the research are
described.
Development of the self-actualization concept in A.
Maslow's work
Leontiev D. A.
The author
presents a detailed description of A. Maslow's theory of motivation from the
point of view of development and transformation of the central concept of this
theory — the concept of self-actualization of personality. Five successive
interpretations of the concept have been established - self-actualization as:
1) the highest, ultimate level of the development of personality, 2) the highest
motivation, 3) the process of personality development, 4) episodic bursts of
inspiration, 5) prerequisite of the true Being of personality. Criticisms of
western writers in address of the theory are analytically reviewed. Particular
attention is given to the issue of the biologistic approach to understanding of
the man's nature in Maslow's theory.
Some trends in the study of language and communication
in present-day Western psychology
Stetsenko A. P.
The author
critically reviews studies of language and communication which are being
published by "Springer-Verlag" in a serial under the same title.
General-psychological meaning of a number of linguistic theories and empiric
studies is discussed, as well as some methodological problems of selection of
adequate experimental procedures and interpretation schemes, and of definition
of the very subject-matter of the study.
Improvements in the initial stages of teaching to read
Lingart J., Tourkova M.
A new method
of teaching to read (in the I-st form) is suggested. The method is based on the
psychological theory of instruction developed by one of the authors (J.
Lingart, 1982); the theory assumes four phases in the process of instruction.
Ten requirements are formulated which are to be satisfied in order to guarantee
efficiency in the teaching to read.