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Summaries
MAIN TASKS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL STUDIES IN THE LIGHT OF
DECISIONS OF THE XXVII-TH CONGRESS OF THE CPSU
A. M. Matiushkin
Top priority tasks and goals as set before
the Soviet psychology by decisions of the XXVII-th
Congress of the Communist Party are listed and considered in some detail.
Strategy of the psychological research must be centered around
the necessity to find ways to apply psychological knowledge in the sphere of activization, development, and realization of the Human.
Factor in all fields of practical and social activity, and thus to make a ponderable contribution to the acceleration of development
of the socialist society. Specific organizational and purely scientific
measures to be taken in order to achieve the above aim are outlined, and
corresponding potential of particular branches of Soviet psychology are
analyzed.
COMPLEX STUDY OF ABILITIES (TO THE 90-TH ANNIVERSARY OF
B. M. TEPLOV)
E. A. Golubeva
В. М. Teplov
was one of the leading researchers of the problem of abilities in the world's
psychology and the author of an objective methodology of analysis of abilities
and endowments. Differential psychophysiology, a branch of studies he created,
is an attempt to combine the up-to-date developments in the Pavlovian
typology with promising modern theories of personality and individuality. The
author provides a summary of the experimental data which prove Teplov's idea that typological properties of the nervous
system constitute a part of the natural basis of development of abilities/
endowments. In particular results of studies of voluntary/involuntary
functions, mnemic, linguistic, musical, learning and
educational abilities are discussed in relation to the following three spheres
of man's activity: work, cognition, communication.
SOME TRENDS IN PRESENT-DAY PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY
B. I. Kochubey
A selective review of the literature makes
it possible to formulate three principles of the present-day psychophysiology
in contrast to the "orthodox" one. They are: 1) activity vs reactivity, 2) selectivity and specificity vs globality and undifferentiation, 3) relatedness to the informational
content vs "energy" of stimulus and brain
processes. A conclusion is made that the main object of the present-day
psychophysiology is not the neurophysiological basis
of the mind and personality, but the physiological activity which reflects,
realizes, and incarnates specific patterns of mental activity, meaningful
"human — world" interaction.
SOCIAL-PSYCHOLOGICAL SPECIFICITY OF THE COMMON PLAY
AND WORK ACTIVITY OF PRE-SCHOOL CHILDREN
Ya. L. Kolominsky, В. Р. Zhtenevsky
Common (joint)-play and common work of
preschoolers are compared. Both activities share similar
communicative-organizational basis which makes it possible to compare them in
an experiment along some social-psychological dimensions. It has been noted
that play is more accessible for the children: here their behavior is more
interrelated, and functional duties are here distributed in a more optimal way.
A conclusion is made about the necessity to improve the methods of supervision
in relation to the common activity of pre-school children.
SOME PECULIARITIES OF CHILDREN'S IDEAS CONCERNING
MAN'S PSYCHE
Ye. V. Soubbotsky
Ideas of 5-13-years-old children
concerning some aspects of man's psyche (sensation, perception, speech, causes
of moral behavior, etc.) have been considered. It is shown that the "anthropomorphicity" and globalism
of preschoolers' opinions about man's psyche are substituted in junior
schoolchildren with more "natural-scientific" and differentiated
understanding of the structure of some psychological functions; at the same
time dynamic determinants of development of the mind (like the object activity,
communication, education, and learning), the role of which is not yet perceived
by the preschoolers, start finding place in the schoolchildren's causative judgements concerning the appearance of psychological
phenomena.
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PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF
DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTER COMPETENCE IN SCHOOLCHILDREN
V. N. Kaptelinin
The article is composed of two parts:
discussion of psychological criteria of the computer competence in
schoolchildren, and conditions of efficient development of it. Three types of
competence are named in the first part: a) daily life, b) professional, c)
related to the computer as an intellectual tool; for schoolchildren the third
one is most important. Further a system of intellectual abilities required for
efficient application of the computer for a wide scope of problems is
considered. The second part deals with the so-called problem instruction which
is stated to be the basic condition for the proper development of the computer
competence. Principles of organization of the instruction of this type are
outlined, as well as some issues of individualized approach to instruction, and
of control and optimization of children's functional states during learning.
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF CORRECTING THE DISTURBANCES OF SPEECH COMMUNICATION
Yu. B. Nekrasova
Principles of social rehabilitation of
people with disturbed speech communication are outlined: 1) communicative, 2) activating,
3) prolonged preparedness to perceive the "healing word", 4)
successive nature of the therapeutical-pedagogical
process, 5) paradoxal nature of the emotional-stress
therapy session, 6) formation of a psycho-therapeutical
collective, 7) development of the introgenous
behavior, 8) common creative activity of the stutterer
and the psychotherapist; the communication principle is the system-constituting
one at that. The above system of principles of social rehabilitation of stutterers facilitates its introduction into the practical
work concerned with correction of disturbed speech communication.
TYPOLOGY OF THOUGHT'S
MICRODEVELOPMENT
A. Z. Zak
Typology of microdevelopment
of thinking regarded as a process of looking for a solution of a problem has
been elaborated. The way the content of the problem is understood determines
peculiarities of the control over the process; at that the process is mediated
by particular operations of manipulation with elements of the content. Four levels
of control are described — on the basis a) of situational understanding, b) of
the general principle of solution of problems, c) of understanding specific
principles of solution, d) of understanding the interrelations between the
general and specific principles. Three levels of mediation are presented:
manipulation with material objects (a), with their images (b) and denotations
(c). A table is given which includes 60 types of thought's microdevelopment
at different levels of control and mediation. It is shown how the concept of
the "microdevelopment type" can be applied
to a number of problems in the psychology of thinking.
BIOGRAPHICAL METHOD IN THE
LIGHT OF B. G. ANANIEV'S IDEAS
N. A. Loginova
Contribution of B. G. Ananiev
into development of the biographical method is shown, as well as the
present-day status of the method in psychology. Conceptual and operational
apparatus of the method is outlined. Some biographical procedures suggested by
the author are described.
SOME PROBLEMS IN THE
PSYCHOLOGY OF COMMUNICATION
G. L. Ilyin
Communication is regarded as one of two
principal forms of psychological activity which concerns the attitudes to the
world as a living object in contrast to treating it as an inanimate object. It
is assumed that the nature of a subject's attitude to an object is determined
not only by the object, but also by the subject's state, intentions, and the
level of his development. The assumption is specified in the process of
analysis of some psychological problems: development of historical forms of thinking,
of child's development, of individual thinking and learning, of the behavior of
an individual in a social organization, and of the scientific status of
psychology.
TO THE PROBLEM OF INDUCEMENT
OF ACTIVITY
I. V. Imedadze
The author questions an assumption in A.
N. Leontiev's theory of activity that the latter is
induced not by the need as such but by the object with which this need has come
to be associated. In particular the positions forwarded in S. P. Manoukian's article published in this magazine (1984, N 3)
are disputed. Some logical and theoretical arguments which make inacceptable the above assumption are given. A conclusion
is made that there are no convincing evidence
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which would justify substitution of the traditional psychological postulate
that behavior (and intentional activity as well) is motivated by needs.
QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION OF
THE VOLITIONAL EFFORT IN PHYSICALLY INTENSIVE WORK
V. A. Ivannikov, E. V. Eidman
A new method of estimation of the
volitional effort is suggested. It is shown that delayed breath can be used as
an adequate method of estimation of volitional efforts. Concrete strategies to
be used in order to achieve a common level of the working capacity are
described.
DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF
INTELLECTUAL ACTIVITY IN STUDENTS WITH DIFFERENT MOTOR EXPERIENCE
Ye. D. Khomskaya,
Capacity for voluntary acceleration of
counting (as a form of serial intellectual activity) was studied on students
with different motor experience. It is established that regular engagement in
sports activity is favourable for training the
capacity for voluntary control over not only motor but intellectual functions
as well. Dynamic characteristics of the intellectual activity are directly
related with the current functional state: they become worse in fatigue and
under conditions of emotional stress.
RATIO OF SIMULTANEOUS
REMARKS OF PARTNERS IN A GROUP SOLUTION OF PROBLEMS
V. A. Polikarpov
Psychological theory of thinking as a
process worked out by S. L. Rubinstein and his pupils provided the basis for
the reported experiment and for detailed discussion of its results. Dependance of partners' thinking developing in response to
each other's remarks (under conditions of dialogue) on proximity of their level
of analysis and current prediction processes was found out. A mechanism of
cognitive interaction between subjects in the dialogue is described.
STUDY OF DUNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS
OF EMOTIONAL REACTIVITY PERTAINING TO THE PROBLEM OF ACTORS' TALENTS
V. I. Kotchniev
Subjects with higher "actor's"
mark are characterized, on the one hand, by relatively higher intensity of
voluntarily generated emotional reactions and, on the other hand, by higher
adequacy (accuracy in content and in time) of such reactions in relation to the
current of images which stimulate them. Measures of intensity and adequacy of
voluntarily produced emotional reactions are positively correlated with
professional efficiency of the subjects. It is possible to assume therefore
that the regularities of emotional reactivity revealed in the study are
significant indicators of the predisposition for the activity of acting.