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PRESENT-DAY
STATE AND PERSPECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH IN THE FIELDS OF PSYCHOLOGY,
DEFECTOLOGY, AND AGE PHYSIOLOGY
A. A. Bodaliov
The article presents main topics and
issues discussed by the author in the report he delivered at the last Session
of the
ASSESSMENT OF THE LEVEL OF LABOUR EDUCATEDNESS IN
SENIOR SCHOOLCHILDREN
O. Yu. Yermolayev
A questionnaire is offered for assessment of labour
educatedness of senior schoolchildren. The
questionnaire is a variety of personality measurement inventories and has been
constructed along 6 scales (qualities): "diligence", "collectivistic
orientation", "socially useful labour
activity", "responsibility", "creative attitude to labour", "discipline".
Constructive validity of the test has been proved by mathematical-statistical
procedures. Results obtained by the author enabled him to reveal certain
regularities in development of labour educatedness as a feature in the personality of senior
school-children.
DEVELOPMENT OF LITERARY ABILITIES IN PROFESSIONAL
WRITERS IN THEIR SCHOOL YEARS
Ye. A. Korsounsky
Autobiographical data on 137 writers
belonging to different times and
cultures has been subjected to quantitative-qualitative
analysis. As a result basic elements of
the structure of readers' and literary-creative
abilities as well as objective and
subjective factors of their development
have been revealed. The facts found
in the study can be used for purposeful
promotion of literary skills in schoolchildren.
DEVELOMPENT OF HUMANE ATTITUDES, AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
OF CHILDHOOD
V. V. Abramenkova
The necessity is argued to set up a
special interdisciplinary field of studies of the ontogenesis and sociogenesis of the personality in childhood: social
psychology of childhood. The data pertaining to development of humane attitudes
is used to present the following three aspects of manifestation of
interpersonal relations in social groups: role-functional,
estimating-emotional, and sense-personal. The empirical results obtained by the
author show that socialization of humane attitudes in ontogenesis correspond to
the general-psychological pattern of development of a higher form of behavior —
L.S. Vygotsky and A.N. Leontiev's
"parallelogram of mediation". Appearance, functioning, and purposeful
development in the child of attitudes to the world, other people, and to
oneself mediated by joint goal-directed acting in the social situation of
development constitute the subject-matter of the outlined field. The
perspectives of the later are seen in studies of development of the personality
in a child in different cultures and at different stages of man's social
history.
PECULIARITIES OF THE TRANSITORY PERIOD IN
6-7-YEARS-OLD CHILDREN
Ye. Ye. Sapogova
The transitory period between the
pre-school and school stages of childhood (traditionally called "the
crisis of 7 years") has been studied. Parents, educators, and teachers
were talked to, and a method of establishing the level of development of
imagination and of the symbolic function outlined by L.S. Vygotsky
and adapted to the purpose of the study was used. It has been proved that the
"crisis" is real and is related to the change of the leading
activity; its manifestation depends also on the level of imagination and
symbolism. Children characterized by lesser development of them manifest the
transition phenomena during the first year in school; majority of children come
through the crisis in pre-school years, they demonstrate higher level of
imagination and symbolism, and all negative trends in their behavior disappear
when they begin studying at school.
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PECULIARITIES OF SELF-COMPREHENSION IN 6-YEARS-OLD
CHILDREN
T. N. Ovtchinnikova
Peculiarities of self-comprehension
(self-image) as well as correlation between the self-image and some features of
self-estimation as they are manifested in the behavior and productive activity
of a child were studied. It has been found out that the 6-years-old child's
ideas concerning himself rather adequately represent
the system of his values. The study reveals also that self-estimation and
self-control in a child of this age closely correlate with the nature of his
ideas concerning himself: the child estimates himself and his possibilities in accordance
with particular spheres of reality where he perceives himself where he
constitutes his "self".
VARIABILITY IN TRANSFORMATION OF AN OBJECT BY
PRE-SCHOOL CHILDREN AS A CONDITION FOR UNDERSTANDING ITS MEANING
A. N. Poddiakov
Ways of practical transformation by
children of specially designed objects with the purpose of understanding their
hidden properties and structural relations were observed and analyzed. It has
been found out that the cognition process is determined by two interrelated
factors: degree of variability of testing operations, and level of analysis and
of generalization of the obtained information. Some new kinds of testing
behavior have been observed, and their functions established.
COGNITIVE DIFFERENTIATION AND SPECIFICITY OF
DEVELOPMENT OF GENERALIZATIONS IN THE SPHERE OF IMAGINATION IN SENIOR
SCHOOLCHILDREN
S. A. Zakharova
Subjects were instructed to divide (during
4 sessions) into four groups cartoons made by four different artists. Efficient
performance has been found to correlate with the ability to reveal and
verbalize individual features of the artistic style. The latter in its turn
correlates with such characteristics of the cognitive sphere as independence of
the field and high development' of the second signal system (good development
of the first signal system unsupported by a corresponding state of the second
one fails to produce required performance). Some recommendations are made as to
how general learning effects can be achieved by means of purposeful promotion
of better cognitive differentiation.
LEGAL RECOGNITION AND PSYCHOLOGICAL PREPARATION OF
YOUTH FOR MARRIED LIFE
B. S. Krouglov
Significance of legal education for
preparation of youth for married life has been analyzed. Distinction of legal
forms of control over marital-family relations from other social norms which
determine domestic behavior of individuals is shown. Some practical outcomes of
the absence of a positive attitude to legal norms are described.
ROLE OF STEREOTYPES IN COGNITION OF A MAN BY A MAN
N. A. Rozhdestvenskaya
Studies of social stereotypes performed in
this country and abroad are discussed in the light of their value for promotion
of better interpersonal perception. Stereotypes are considered from the point
of view of their content and adequacy, stability and conditions of
transformation, of their acquisition, origin, and functioning.
INTERPERSONAL COGNITION AND ACTIVITY
Ê. Ì. Romanov
Cognition of a man by a man under
conditions of a common activity has been studied. It has been experimentally
established that interpersonal cognition is determined by the content and
nature of the activity through which a subject becomes incorporated into the
activity common with other people (i. e. by his
particular tasks, goals, motives, role positions). Socially oriented outward
practical operations of the subject are of principal cognitive importance at
that.
PSYCHOLOGICAL ISOMORPHISM: REALITY OR ILLUSION?
R. M. Meshchersky
N.P. Bekhtereva's
studies of the "neural code" of mental processes are used as a
material for critical analysis of the concept of the psychophysiological
isomorphism. It is argued that "neuro-physiology"
and the mind are two independent ontological categories with their own
mechanisms, regularities, and functions. Physiological processes can not
constitute the basis of the mind.
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ON SOME METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES IN THE STUDY OF THE
BRAIN V. MIND PROBLEM (ON THE OCCASION OF R. M. MESHCHERSKY'S ARTICLE)
N. P. Bekhtereva, Yu. L. Gogolitsyn, Yu. D. Kropotov, S, V. Medvedev
As is seen from the title the paper is an
argument-by-argument critical assessment of the position forwarded by the
author of the previous article. R.M. Meshchersky’s
position is said to be a direct product of a number of logical inconsistencies,
or of insufficient physical and mathematical competence.
THE PRINCIPLE OF CREATIVE SELF-INITIATIVE
S. L. Rubinstein
In the 1922 article by S. L. Rubinstein we
find the first formulation of the principle of activity: "...in his deeds,
in acts of his creative self-initiative the subject is not only manifested and
disclosed; he also gets created and established in them".
THE PROBLEM OF ACTIVITY IN THE HISTORY OF SOVIET
PSYCHOLOGY
A.N. Leontiev
Development of the category of
"activity" in Soviet psychology is traced in the article. In is shown
that originally, in L.S. Vygotsky's school the notion
of activity existed under the disguise of "practical intellect" and
was closely related to the idea of "mediation" of mental processes.
Links between the studies of the "
INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSULTING IN THE CONTEXT OF
FAMILY PSYCHOTHERAPY
A. F. Kopyev
Situations when it is advisable to work
individually with clients of the family consulting service are described.
Psychological states when such approach is preferable,
and some general and particular problem which may arise in the context of such
work are described (among them: the client's responsibility, goals and means of
the consultant's work, duration of contact, types of advice, etc.). The concept
of the "open-ended consulting" is suggested where goals and means are
not pre-determined but correspond, on the one hand, to the present state of the
client and, on the other hand, to the degree of his responsibility and to his
preparedness for change.
STUDY OF MOTIVATIONAL-EMOTIONAL REGULATION OF THINKING
UNDER CONDITIONS OF CONFLICTING ACTIVITIES
E. Z. Usmanova
Specificity of behavior and of cognitive
activity as a function of peculiarities of motivational-emotional regulation of
thinking under conditions of a conflict in a play has been studied. Three
groups of subjects have been experimentally singled out: 1) with domination of
cognitive motivation, 2) with domination of achievement motivation, and 3) with
shifting motivation — from cognitive to achievement motivation. The difference
between the groups is shown to result from difference 1) in perception of
conflicts in the play, and 2) in approach to analysis
of the play.
RELATION BETWEEN PROFESSIONAL MOTIVATION AND CREATIVE ACTIVITY
IN ENGINEERS
E. S. Tchougounova
The problem raised in the article has a
number of important theoretical and applied connotations — in particular it
directly pertains to the question of stimulation of the engineer's work. The
article is based on the author's experimental studies performed in different
organizations of
TEMPORAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PERCEPTION OF OBJECTS OF A
GIVEN SIZE
V. M. Krol,
Ye. I. Bondar, V. D. Sosina
Results of three groups of experiments
dedicated to a time study of visual recognition under conditions of a search of
objects of a given class are discussed. Tachistoscopically
presented test figures were masked (different kinds of
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interfering noise were used); temporal thresholds of perception and the time of
recognition responses were measured. It has been found out that perception in a
situation of directed search I results in lower thresholds for the majority of
temporal stages of the recognition process.
CORRELATION BETWEEN THE STRUCTURE OF SELF-ESTIMATION
AND THE REGULATION OF ACTIVITY BY GOALS IN NORM AND UNDER CONDITIONS OF
PATHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
B. S. Bratus, V. N. Pavtenko
Dialectical relations between goals of
different levels in norm and in pathology are considered. The authors'
hypothesis that psychopathies are characterized by
rigid relations between real and ideal goals, while neuroses are characterized
by hyperseparation of them has been experimentally
proved. A new view of the structure of self-estimation is introduced, and its
psychological components and substructures are outlined. Some specific
disturbances in relations between different substructures in neurotic and
psychopathic patients are described, and connections between these disturbances
and peculiarities of the goal-setting process are shown. Corresponding
recommendations pertaining to psychological-corrective work are provided.
PECULIARITIES OF REGULATION OF THINKING IN ANOMALOUS INDIVIDUALS
I. A. Kudryavtsev, A. N. Lavrinovich
A creative problem solving procedure (I.N.
Semionov, V.K. Zaretsky)
has been used for the study of 41 patients with psychological (psychopathical) disturbances of historical and excitable
types. It has been possible to experimentally prove the hypothesis that
decreased productivity and peculiar thinking in anomalous individuals are
determined by disturbed balance between reflexive and emotional regulation of
thinking which results in domination of meaning over content. Differences in
mechanisms of disturbed thinking in the studied groups of patients have been
established.
STATICAL AND DYNAMICAL IN THE VISUAL WORLD OF AN
INFANT
E. A. Sergienko
Results of an experimental study of the
capacity for visual perception of statical and
dynamical stimulation in early ontogenesis are presented. Age specificity of
visual perception: from preference of dynamical stimulation in the earliest
periods of the ontogenesis (4-6 weeks) to preference of statical
stimulation (8-16 weeks) is shown. A similar trend characterizes development of
visual functions: from perception of movement to preference of statical stimulation.