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SUMMARIES
SOVIET PSYCHOLOGY IN THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR
A. V. Barabanshchikov
The author reviews participation of Soviet psychologists in the war against Hitlerite fascism: direct participation as Soviet army soldiers in the battle-field, and their scientific contribution to the war efforts which required from them to adapt their studies to the needs of the front. Basic lines of development of Soviet psychology during the war are particularly considered. Speaking in the final part of the article that today's efforts of Soviet psychologists are directed at urgent peaceful goals, the author stresses that Soviet psychologists are completely prepared/ to defend their Motherland in case of any emergency.
ANALYSIS OF SUBJECTS OF CANDIDATE'S DISSERTATIONS ON PSYCHOLOGI DEFENDED IN 1981 — 1984
A. A. Bodaliov, V. M. Melnikov
The system of themes of dissertations submitted and successfully defended by psychologists in 1981 — 1984 is presented and analyzed in accordance with basic trends and divisions in psychology.
GROUP POLARIZATION GRID AS A PRINCIPLE FOR TESTING THE LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT OF INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS
A. V. Petrovsky
A general principle is suggested for elaboration of a portable test of development of interpersonal relations. It is based on establishment of interrelations between people occupying extreme positions in the group differentiation grid.
INNER SPEECH AS A PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEM
T. N. Ushakova
The problem of inner speech has been taken up from its origins till today. The very term has been found to be polysemantic. In the history of study of the corresponding phenomenology different psychologists belonging to different trends and generations revealed a number of particular aspects which were assimilated by different scientific approaches. At present it seems obsolete to refer the term to the phenomenon of inner speech train as such. This understanding failed to constitute the mainline in the development of the problem. Nowadays the concepts which try to integrate the inner speech process into a general speech-language mechanism responsible for expression and comprehension of meanings have come into the foreground. It is assumed in them that speech is also an information conveyor, an instrument of communication. Such concepts have much stronger resolving power and better correspond to the systems approach to the study of mind.
CRITERIA OF INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN
Yu. V. Karpov, N. F. Talysina
Establishment of scientifically sound criteria for breaking into stages the intellectual development of children is stated as a specific problem. It is assumed that stages of intellectual development can be properly diagnosed only in a formative experiment. Two equivalent indicators of the intellectual stage achieved by a given child are being theoretically introduced and experimentally proved by the authors: 1) the highest level of thinking where the child can for the first time perform a new action after having passed through the stage of compiling the orientational scheme for the action, and 2) the highest level of thinking at which it is possible to convey to the child the orientational scheme for the new action which is being developed.
PSYCHOLOGICAL SPECIFICITY OF FORMULATION OF INSTRUCTIONAL TASKS TO YOUNGER SCHOOLCHILDREN
D. B. Dmitriyev
Spontaneous development in younger schoolchildren of the ability to move independently from concrete-practical tasks to formulation and solution of instructional tasks has been studied (instructional tasks are considered at that basic
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elements of learning). Experimentally revealed stages of the process as well as new developments in the learning activity of a schoolchild corresponding to them are described. Besides that some empirical data is presented which demonstrates the effect of a task's formulation on the attitude to it on the part of schoolchildren. It has been found out that the rate of development of the considered ability is influenced also by the organization of learning activity in primary school.
EFFECT OF SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PROBLEM SITUATION ON DEVELOPMENT OF THINKING IN SCHOOLCNILDREN
A. V. Furman
Contradictory outcomes of using problem situations for teaching purposes are analyzed (it is known that using them may bring both positive and undesirable effects). The dynamics of interplay of two pairs of opposing functions of the problem situation (stimulation — restrain, control — disorganization) is described in some detail; place and role of the functions in the thinking process corresponding to different levels of development of cognitive factors in a person are outlined, as well as principal relations between the functions as such and between some of their characteristics.
DYNAMICS OF PROFESSIONAL-PEDAGOGICAL ORIENTATION IN STUDENTS
Т. М. Shcheglova
Professional-pedagogical orientation of students estimated through a relation between moral and processual motives changes from the first to the fifth year in a high school in the direction of gradual domination of processual motives over the moral ones. In the first years there is a direct, while in the senior years an inverse relation between the processual motivation and the motive to work with children. This fact has to be taken into account in conduction of the school reform — interaction between the teacher and pupils must be organized in such a way that both sides would enjoy the process of communication.
REGULATIONS CONCERNING PSYCHOLOGICAL SERVICE IN SCHOOL
I. V. Dubrovina, A. M. Prikhozhan
"Regulations concerning psychological service in school", drafted on the basis of some years of practical-experimental work, contain the following principal divisions: a) basic goals of the service, of which the central ones are provision of the individual approach to pupils, diagnostics, correction, and prevention of backwardness in learning, in intellectual development and in the development of personality, as well as of undesired behavior; b) main lines of work: psychoprophylactics, diagnostics, correction, consultation; c) provision of scientific grounds for the service; d) rights and duties of the school psychologist. Some debatable issues connected with organization of the school psychological service within the USSR educational system are discussed.
FOR THE SYSTEMIC ORGANIZATION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL SERVICE IN SCHOOL
A. A. Bodaliov, G. A. Kovaliov
Necessity of a system approach to the organization of psychological service in school is advocated in order it might encompass all required aspects of work — organizational, those pertaining to rules and methods, psychological. Special attention is given to practical problems a psychologist encounters at school, and to the necessity to increase general psychological culture of teachers.
DIAGNOSTICS OF THE LEVEL OF PREPAREDNESS FOR LEARNING IN YOUNGER SCHOOLCHILDREN
С. A. Tsvetkov
The aim of the work is to compare experimental and theoretical education in the elementary school. A teaching experiment, conducted by the author, allows him to conclude that the theoretical education is preferable when particular generalizations are required to be made and the empirical one — when the subject to be mastered does not require them. In order to improve the process of teaching it is recommended that the level of the pupils' knowledge on the given topic as well as their general preparedness for it be preliminary examined and the choice between the two methods done on the basis of the examination. The author believes that this approach can significantly improve the individual-differential teaching methods.
STANDARDS OF SPEECH THINKING
L. R. Anosova
In the sphere of consciousness connected with imagination both static images of objects and dynamic algorithms of potential actions merge with the language-specific forms of representation
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of reality; there appears in such a way a complicated semantic standard which is functionally more important for the machinery of consciousness than the pure sensory one which develops within the perceptual input as such. This standard participates in speech-thinking and perceptual processes and contributes — as a means and as an element — to the evolution of the general semantical system of consciousness, to the development of "the image of the world" within man's consciousness. Basic type of speech-thinking standards which form in ontogenesis is a subject-predicate structure represented in Russian by a simple narrative sentence. Another standard is a passive construction. Also of importance is the universal semantic rule of negation, which helps to organize in ontogenesis the speech-thinking structures of the consciousness.
ON SOME DETERMINANTS OF INTUITION IN A MUSIC PERFORMER
Ye. Ye. Fedorov
The author's definition of the term "Performer's intuition" is given. It is assumed to have some inner determinants: a tendency, on the part of the performer, to solve artistic tasks; creative and life experience; artistic perception; creative imagination; auditory imagination; psychological adaptability; emotional reactivity; temperament. Performer's intuition possesses three basic functions; heuristic, algorithmic, realization of automated skills (the functions are illustrated by exemplary situations). Possibility to integrate the performer's intuition into the general structure of man's creative abilities is considered. A question is raised about the necessity to work out recommendations pertaining to methods of cultivation of the ability.
DEVELOPMENT OF THINKING IN PRE-SCHOOL CHILDREN
N. N. Poddiakov
The article deals with the problem of development and functioning of knowledge in the process of thinking in pre-school children. The process involves forms of knowledge significantly differing in the level of maturity. There appear therefore some inner conflicts between them which form one of the driving forces underlying thinking in children. The author provides general characteristic of the structure of the cognitive sphere, as well as peculiarities of its functioning. Some new forms of teaching the pre-schoolers, based on the above regularities of their thinking are suggested.
THE NOTION OF NEED AND ITS THEORETICAL — PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTEXT
V. S. Magun
The approach to needs outlined in the paper enables the author to suggest two lines of psychological studies. One is devoted to processes of mental reflection of needs and comforts taking place in the shape of emotional-cognitive formations. In this context the problems of genesis of these formations, of their adequacy to man's actual needs and comforts, of man's capacity for reflection of not only his own needs but also of those of others, are set forth. Another line concerns the study of mental processes by means of which a man correlates his needs with resources available for their satisfaction. Here another group of questions arise: how do those processes depend on the amount of resources, how does the chance to use somebody else's activity for the satisfaction of one's own needs affect one's own activity, what are the psychological mechanisms of economical and "efficient expenditure of individual and social resources?
DYNAMIC OF PSYCHOLOGICAL STATES IN STUTTERERS IN THE PROCESS OF LOGOPSYCHOTHERAPY
Yu. B. Nekrasova
It has been experimentally proved that within an emotion-stress1 psychotherapeutical session as such and during the social readaptation stage which follows the session certain psychological states in stutterers undergo significant change: Some personality dimensions become more leveled, anxiety diminishes, there is a definite increase in self-confidence, as well as higher resistance and tolerance to frustration.
INDIVIDUAL-PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS IN PREDICTION OF HELP TO STUTTERERS
A. B. Khavin
An experimental-psychological study has been performed on 100 Ss with the view to reveal some individual-psychological characteristics which determine the stable fixation of stuttering patients on their speech deficiency. MMPI data collected on 50 patients with no improvement of speech were computer-compared with the data on other 50 patients who believed in the efficiency of the therapy. It turns out that the first group of patients is characterized by relatively higher positions on the introversion, anxiety, depression, psychoacthenia, asocial psychopathy, and masculinity — femininity scales. A predictive formula is suggested as a device for sorting out the therapy-resistant patients who would need a special therapeutic approach.
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VISUAL ILLUSIONS AND POLYFUNCT1ONALITY OF PERCEPTION
V. I. Kozlov
General assumptions underlying existing approaches to the study of visual illusions are considered. It is shown at that that they all fail to take into account the polyfunctional nature of perception which provides for flexibility in reflection of properties of objects under different conditions of perception. Results of an experimental study of Ponzo illusion under conditions of perception of real objects and of their representations are given. Different perceptual outcomes are determined by different anisotropic relations which appear in the process of perception and which provide the immediate-sensual basis for the polyfunctionality of perception.
PECULIARITIES OF VERBAL SEMANTIC RELATIONS IN PATIENTS WITH LESIONS OF FRONTAL LOBES OF THE BRAIN
Ye. D. Khomskaya, K. Skakun
Nature and stability of semantic structures of some notions ("tree", "winter") have been studied in healthy subjects and in patients with lesions in frontal lobes of the brain by a method of notion definition (both active and passive variants were used). It has been established that in healthy subjects the structure of a semantic field consists of a core, and of a near and a far-away peripheries all differing in the number of feature-words they contain. In patients with lesions in frontal lobes there are more feature-words in the semantic fields of notions, however the core and the near periphery of a notion contain less significant words as compared with norm.
RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS BY SENIOR SCHOOLCHILDREN OF THE UNINTENTIONALLY PERCEIVED INFORMATION AND SHORT-TERM MEMORY
A. I. Fedotchiev
The data consisting of some indices of short-term memory, of school results, and of retrospective estimates of stimulation unintentionally perceived either while performing a mental task (memorization and comparison of stimuli) or without it — was collected on IX—X form schoolchildren. It has been shown that perception of stimulation in presence of a mnemic load results in more adequate retrospective estimation of its temporal, quantitative and qualitative parameters. More than that, only under conditions of mnemic load there is a significant correlation between indices of retrospective estimation of time, as well as correlation between stimulation estimates and the capacity of children's short-term memory and their school results.
LEVELS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SYSTEMIC LEARNING-COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR
V. V. Rubtsov, I. V. Rivina
Systemic structure of the learning-cognitive behavior of schoolchildren regarded as a criterion of its maturity has been experimentally studied Some indicators of the behavior at this level have been established: a) ability to deduce properties of an element of a system from the general principle on which the system is built, b) ability to design an object in correspondence with the meaning of the principle. A diagnostical procedure has been worked out and tested to check the systemic nature of the schoolchildren's learning-cognitive behavior. Experiments reveal three stages in the development of mature, systemic behavior each characterized by the ability to deal with newer instructional tasks and to adequately apply previously acquired skills and habits.
AN AUTOMATED PROCEDURE FOR THE STUDY OF PERCEPTION (FOR THE PURPOSES OF TESTING THE INDUSTRIAL DISABILITY
L. A. Shirshova, A. F. Shangin, V. Yu. Baskakov
Advantages, details, and difficulties of using the "Kogan circle" procedure for the: purposes of obtaining the data to be used by the Court of medical referees for industrial disability are discussed. In order to help the experimenter and at the same time obtain some additional information concerning the subject the authors introduced a portable automatic device which performs a number of important functions. General diagram and functional description are provided.