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ÐÅÇÞÌÅ ÍÀ ÀÍÃËÈÉÑÊÎÌ ßÇÛÊÅ
GROWTH OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY WITHIN THE SYSTEM OF SOVIET PSYCHOLOGY
A. A. BODALIOV
The history of appearance and development of social psychology in the USSR is briefly outlined. Its basic problems in 60-ies, 70-ies, and 80-ies are described in some detail. The author presents also main trends in its nowadays development, and provides their general characteristics. The article is concluded with a consideration of prospects of social psychology for the future and of its contacts with practical activities.
SOVIET PSYCHOLOGY AND SCHOOL EDUCATION
V. V. DAVYDOV
The author presents a historical survey of developments in educational psychology in this country. Basic trends in its contemporary studies are described with special accent on their weak points and urgent practical and theoretical problems, as well as on new fields to be researched by both educational and general psychologists.
PRESENT-DAY STATE AND POSSIBLE LINES OF DEVELOPMENT IN THE FIELD OF PRE-SCHOOL EDUCATION
N. N. PODDIAKOV
The author provides a concise review of psychological-pedagogical studies in the USSR of the problem of the pre-school education. Main trends in the development of pre-school psychology and pre-school pedagogy as scientific disciplines are described, and prospective lines of corresponding research for coming years are presented. Studies in the following fields of preschool education are particularly analyzed: moral, intellectual, esthetical, and physical education. Interrelations between scientific studies and practical work of pre-school institutions are also shown.
NEED-INFORMATIONAL THEORY OF EMOTIONS
P. V. SIMONOV
As an elaboration of I. P. Pavlov's ideas concerning the higher nervous activity the author put forward in 1964 the «need-informational theory of emotions». According to this theory an emotion is basically a function of two factors: 1) strength and quality of the actual need, and 2) estimation on the basis of inborn and on-to genetic experience of the probability of the satisfaction of this need.
Experimental working out of the theory made it possible to specify role of different brain structures (frontal cortex, hippocampus, corpus amygdaloid, and hypothalamus) in the genesis of affective states and in the organization of purposive behavior. Experimental studies show that the four mentioned structures play a decisive role in the estimation of external signals and in the choice of responses. Individual peculiarities of interaction of these brain structures must be taken into consideration in discussion of neuro-physiological basis of different types of the higher nervous activity (temperaments), of such parameters as extraversion/introversion and neuroticism (emotionality), and of mechanisms of main types of neuroses. .
PROBLEMS OF COMMUNICATION UNDER CONDITIONS OF COMMON ACTIVITY
YA. YANOUSHEK
The author describes 3 types of common activity: 1) common nature of activity is not obvious, 2) common nature of activity takes the form of cooperation, 3) activity is consciously and intentionally made common, i.e. collectives-tic. Corresponding processes of communication are presented; structural components of communication as well as their possible modifications are analyzed. Specific functions of communication at different levels of common activity are described in some detail.
A. A. SMIRNOV AS A SCIENTIST AND AS AN ORGANIZER OF PSYCHOLOGY
A. A. NIKOLSKAYA
The aim of the author is to show the creative career of A. A. Smirnov who played such an important part in the development of Soviet psychology. Scientific activity of A. A. Smirnov was many-sided and highly productive. He wrote about 100 scientific papers which encompassed different problems of perception and memory, of age and educational psychology, of the history of psychology. Of particular importance is his contribution to the preparation of textbooks on psychology for the higher school. Also many-sided and intensive was A. A. Smirnov's scientific-organizational activity: editor-in-chief of the «Voprosy Psikhologii» magazine and of the number of books in the «Fundamentals of Psychology» series, one of the leading figures in the Society of psychologists, etc. — All the mentioned issues are briefly dealt with in the article.
STUDY OF THE EFFICIENCY OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF MEMORIZATION
N. SHLYTCHKOVA
Comparative study of involuntary and mixed memorization under conditions of repeated simultaneous presentation of material and reiterated recall of it is reported. Mixed voluntary memorization based on active thinking processes resulted in the highest values of immediate recall. However with further reproductions of the material advantages of the mixed memorization become less manifest and — finally — not significant at all. Involuntary memorization based on active thinking activity turned out less sensitive to the latency of actualization.
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PSYCHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF SYNTACTICAL MISTAKES IN THE RUSSIAN SPEECH OF UZBEK SCHOOLCHILDREN
E. I. AVLIYAYEV
Causes of syntactical mistakes in the Russian speech of Uzbek schoolchildren have been established, and methods of correction and elimination of them have been experimentally tested. In the author's opinion the main cause of the mistakes is not interference on the part of the native language, but poor state of the learning activity connected with acquisition of Russian syntagms. The latter can be achieved by special development of syntagm formation operations. Results of an experimental study performed on VI form Uzbek speaking schoolchildren have demonstrated that if not only sentences (basic units of communication) but types of syntagms and methods of grammatical linking of syntagms' members as well are made principal objects of comprehension and acquisition, then appearance of syntactical mistakes in the Russian speech of the Uzbek children can be significantly prevented.
DEVELOPMENT OF CREATIVE THINKING IN EDUCATIONAL STUDENTS
V. M. AGANISIAN
The paper discloses three subdivisions of teacher’s techniques that a psychologist of a college may successfully use to develop creative thinking of a supposed-to-be teacher.
ATTRIBUTION OF RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE SUCCESS OR FAILURE OF A GROUP IN THE INTER-GROUP ACTIVITY
V. S. AGEYEV
Causal attribution of a group's failure or success in the inter-group interaction is analyzed. An experimental study enables the author to reveal and describe an effect of the in-group favoritism which consists in the tendency to explain success of one's own group in an inter-group competition by intra-group factors and to explain its failures — by extra-group factors. Some correlation between the degree of the manifestation of the effect and certain characteristics of the common activity (such as goals and values, criteria of group achievements or failure in a competition, etc. have been established.
STUDY OF MEMORY MECHANISMS OF INTERFERENCE IN THE PROCESS OF ADAPTATION TO CHANGED ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULI
V. V. KOLYSHKIN
Experiments held in different climatic-geographical areas revealed incoherence in the manner of interference of emotional stimuli with indifferent ones, and between indifferent stimuli. An attempt has been made to find physiological correlates of the interference (in particular changes in the spontaneous skin galvanic response as a function of proactive and retroactive adaptational interference).
PECULIARITIES OF VERBAL PERCEPTION IN 8—12 YEARS OLD CHILDREN
B. I. BYELY
Interpretation of Rorschach blots by 250 normal 8—12 years old schoolchildren has been studied. The following indices have been found to change most in this period: general number of responses (R), number of interpretations of white spaces (S), fraction of responses referring to humans (H%), number of kinesthetic (M) and of combinative responses. The last three categories of responses correlate positively with school results. A hypothesis is suggested that the above changes in the visual perception are determined by the preferential maturation of structures in the left hemisphere and in frontal cortex.
ON DIFFERENT KINDS OF ASSOCIATIONS IN MNESTIC ACTIVITY
V. F. KONOVALOV, V. V. MELNIKOV
Some features of verbal memory and its dependence on functional state of direct and reversed sequences in 22—29 years old adults have been studied by means of a method of memorization of nonsense syllables (trigrams). Three series of experiments have been held: with free recall of memorized elements (I), with orientation to their recall in reversed order (II), and with reproduction of elements in direct order (III).
It has been shown that orientation to memorization of only temporal relations between elements results in significantly decreased efficiency of the short-term memory. In all series the phenomenon of «scanning» has been present, its qualitative characteristics being determined by individual peculiarities of subjects' memory and by the content of instruction. It is suggested in the paper that scanning in the direction corresponding to the direction of time is determined by the speed of establishment and by the efficiency of direct verbal-verbal relations, while scanning in the reversed order is basically determined by functioning of reversed relations.
PSYCHOLINGUISTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF STAGES OF UNDERSTANDING
YU. N. KARANDASHEV
Psycholinguistic analysis of the word «under-standing» as it is presented in different dictionaries of the Russian language (8 dictionaries were used: defining, etymological, etc.) enables the author to outline the following stages in the process of understanding: 1) perception, 2) recognition, 3) correlation of meanings, 4) feeling of meanings, 5) interpretation, 6) realization, 7) determination of attitude, 8) opinion, 9) ability.
TO THE PROBLEM OF LEVELS OF UNDERSTANDING
V. I. NAROLINA
The process of understanding is defined as a complicated process of thinking, which can be divided into several consecutive stages and which is directed at revelation of the whole range of regularities in the objective world. Some specific peculiarities of the process of understanding written texts as well as possibilities of indirect control over the process in order to facilitate and deepen the understanding are underlined.
PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATION AND SAFETY OF AIR FLIGHTS
A. F. PTCHELINOV
It is stated in the paper that accidents in the air result very often from the «wrong design» .of communication between crew members. The author distinguishes between verbal and nonverbal communication and recommends some patterns of communication of both types for the aircraft crews.
PSYCHOLOGY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF TARTU: HISTORY AND PRESENT-DAY STATE
(to the 350-th anniversary of the foundation of the University)
YU. ALLIK, P. TULVISTE
History of psychological studies in the university of Tartu starting from XVII century is briefly reviewed. Main body of the article is devoted to the presentation of chief lines of contemporary research (studies of perception, attention, thinking, personality, as well as studies in developmental psychology, neurophysiology, engineering and industrial psychology, social psychology) which prove significant contribution of Tartu psychologists to the development of psychology.
B. G. ANANIEV —AN OUTSTANDING SOVIET PSYCHOLOGIST
V. P. LISENKOVA
The article presents a scientific biography of B. G. Ananiev with special accent on his contribution to the establishment of professional psychology in this country, and in particular — on his role in creation of Leningrad school of psychology. The author dwells also at some length on B. G. Ananiev's studies of later stages of the ontogenesis which led him to the constitution of psychology of maturity as a new and fundamental branch of developmental psychology.
CONTRIBUTION OF B. G. ANANIEV TO SOVIET PSYCHOLOGY
S. YE. DRAPKINA, M. J. POLYAKOVA
The paper is devoted to a prominent Soviet psychologist B. G. Ananiev in connection with his 75-th anniversary. B. G. Ananiev's scientific work is briefly outlined. Together with his colleagues and disciples he looked for new approaches to problems of educational psychology and to determination of complex interrelations between different aspects of schoolchildren's development. History of Russian psychology in the framework of development of progressive social ideas constituted another important part of B. G. Ananiev's studies. He investigated also both experimentally and theoretically different sensory processes on the basis of I. M. Sechenov and I. P. Pavlov general reflexes theory and created a complex theory of the development of sensitivity in the practical activity of the individual.
B. G. Ananiev proposed and experimentally investigated a number of problems of adults' psychology. The anthropological theory of personality development which he created, and suggested by him complex methods of corresponding studies are a unique contribution to the modern humanology.